Added support for keyword-only attributes. Closes python-attrs#106, and

closes python-attrs#38

docs/examples.rst

@@ -141,6 +141,57 @@ Therefore ``@attr.s`` comes with the ``repr_ns`` option to set it manually:
 ``repr_ns`` works on both Python 2 and 3.
 On Python 3 it overrides the implicit detection.
 
+Keyword-only Attributes
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+When using ``attrs`` on Python 3, you can also add
+`keyword-only <https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#keyword-only-parameter>`_ attributes:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> @attr.s
+    ... class A:
+    ...     a = attr.ib(kwonly=True)
+    >>> A()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    TypeError: A() missing 1 required keyword-only argument: 'a'
+    >>> A(a=1)
+    A(a=1)
+
+If you create an attribute with ``init=False``, ``kwonly`` argument is simply ignored.
+
+Keyword-only attributes allow subclasses to add attributes without default values,
+even if the base class defines attributes with default values:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> @attr.s
+    ... class A:
+    ...     a = attr.ib(default=0)
+    >>> @attr.s
+    ... class B(A):
+    ...     b = attr.ib(kwonly=True)
+    >>> B(b=1)
+    B(a=0, b=1)
+    >>> B()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    TypeError: B() missing 1 required keyword-only argument: 'b'
+
+If you omit ``kwonly`` or specify ``kwonly=False``, then you'll get an error:
+
+.. doctest::
+
+    >>> @attr.s
+    ... class A:
+    ...     a = attr.ib(default=0)
+    >>> @attr.s
+    ... class B(Base):
+    ...     b = attr.ib()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      ...
+    ValueError: No mandatory attributes allowed after an attribute with a default value or factory.  Attribute in question: Attribute(name='b', default=NOTHING, validator=None, repr=True, cmp=True, hash=None, init=True, convert=None, metadata=mappingproxy({}), type=None, kwonly=False)
 
 .. _asdict:
 

src/attr/_make.py

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ def __hash__(self):
 
 def attrib(default=NOTHING, validator=None,
            repr=True, cmp=True, hash=None, init=True,
-           convert=None, metadata={}, type=None):
+           convert=None, metadata={}, type=None, kwonly=False):
     """
     Create a new attribute on a class.
 
@@ -130,11 +130,15 @@ def attrib(default=NOTHING, validator=None,
         This argument is provided for backward compatibility.
         Regardless of the approach used, the type will be stored on
         ``Attribute.type``.
+    :param kwonly: Make this attribute keyword-only (Python 3+)
+        in the generated ``__init__`` (if ``init`` is ``False``, this
+        parameter is simply ignored).
 
     ..  versionchanged:: 17.1.0 *validator* can be a ``list`` now.
     ..  versionchanged:: 17.1.0
         *hash* is ``None`` and therefore mirrors *cmp* by default .
     ..  versionadded:: 17.3.0 *type*
+    .. versionadded:: 17.4.0 *kwonly*
     """
     if hash is not None and hash is not True and hash is not False:
         raise TypeError(
@@ -150,6 +154,7 @@ def attrib(default=NOTHING, validator=None,
         convert=convert,
         metadata=metadata,
         type=type,
+        kwonly=kwonly,
     )
 
 
@@ -257,17 +262,31 @@ def _transform_attrs(cls, these):
     )
 
     had_default = False
+    was_kwonly = False
     for a in attrs:
-        if had_default is True and a.default is NOTHING and a.init is True:
+        if (was_kwonly is False and had_default is True and
+                a.default is NOTHING and a.init is True and
+                a.kwonly is False):
             raise ValueError(
                 "No mandatory attributes allowed after an attribute with a "
                 "default value or factory.  Attribute in question: {a!r}"
                 .format(a=a)
             )
-        elif had_default is False and \
-                a.default is not NOTHING and \
-                a.init is not False:
+        elif (had_default is False and
+                a.default is not NOTHING and
+                a.init is not False and
+                # Keyword-only attributes can be specified after keyword-only
+                # attributes with default values.
+                a.kwonly is False):
             had_default = True
+        if was_kwonly is True and a.kwonly is False:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Non keyword-only attributes are not allowed after a "
+                "keyword-only attribute.  Attribute in question: {a!r}"
+                .format(a=a)
+            )
+        if was_kwonly is False and a.init is True and a.kwonly is True:
+            was_kwonly = True
 
     return _Attributes((attrs, super_attrs))
 
@@ -913,6 +932,7 @@ def fmt_setter_with_converter(attr_name, value_var):
             }
 
     args = []
+    kwonly_args = []
     attrs_to_validate = []
 
     # This is a dictionary of names to validator and converter callables.
@@ -960,19 +980,25 @@ def fmt_setter_with_converter(attr_name, value_var):
                         .format(attr_name=attr_name)
                     ))
         elif a.default is not NOTHING and not has_factory:
-            args.append(
-                "{arg_name}=attr_dict['{attr_name}'].default".format(
-                    arg_name=arg_name,
-                    attr_name=attr_name,
-                )
+            arg = "{arg_name}=attr_dict['{attr_name}'].default".format(
+                arg_name=arg_name,
+                attr_name=attr_name,
             )
+            if a.kwonly:
+                kwonly_args.append(arg)
+            else:
+                args.append(arg)
             if a.convert is not None:
                 lines.append(fmt_setter_with_converter(attr_name, arg_name))
                 names_for_globals[_init_convert_pat.format(a.name)] = a.convert
             else:
                 lines.append(fmt_setter(attr_name, arg_name))
         elif has_factory:
-            args.append("{arg_name}=NOTHING".format(arg_name=arg_name))
+            arg = "{arg_name}=NOTHING".format(arg_name=arg_name)
+            if a.kwonly:
+                kwonly_args.append(arg)
+            else:
+                args.append(arg)
             lines.append("if {arg_name} is not NOTHING:"
                          .format(arg_name=arg_name))
             init_factory_name = _init_factory_pat.format(a.name)
@@ -994,7 +1020,10 @@ def fmt_setter_with_converter(attr_name, value_var):
                 ))
             names_for_globals[init_factory_name] = a.default.factory
         else:
-            args.append(arg_name)
+            if a.kwonly:
+                kwonly_args.append(arg_name)
+            else:
+                args.append(arg_name)
             if a.convert is not None:
                 lines.append(fmt_setter_with_converter(attr_name, arg_name))
                 names_for_globals[_init_convert_pat.format(a.name)] = a.convert
@@ -1014,11 +1043,17 @@ def fmt_setter_with_converter(attr_name, value_var):
     if post_init:
         lines.append("self.__attrs_post_init__()")
 
+    args = ", ".join(args)
+    if kwonly_args:
+        args += "{trailing_comma}*, {kwonly_args}".format(
+            trailing_comma=", " if args else "",
+            kwonly_args=", ".join(kwonly_args)
+        )
     return """\
 def __init__(self, {args}):
     {lines}
 """.format(
-        args=", ".join(args),
+        args=args,
         lines="\n    ".join(lines) if lines else "pass",
     ), names_for_globals
 
@@ -1033,11 +1068,11 @@ class Attribute(object):
     """
     __slots__ = (
         "name", "default", "validator", "repr", "cmp", "hash", "init",
-        "convert", "metadata", "type"
+        "convert", "metadata", "type", "kwonly"
     )
 
     def __init__(self, name, default, validator, repr, cmp, hash, init,
-                 convert=None, metadata=None, type=None):
+                 convert=None, metadata=None, type=None, kwonly=False):
         # Cache this descriptor here to speed things up later.
         bound_setattr = _obj_setattr.__get__(self, Attribute)
 
@@ -1052,6 +1087,7 @@ def __init__(self, name, default, validator, repr, cmp, hash, init,
         bound_setattr("metadata", (metadata_proxy(metadata) if metadata
                                    else _empty_metadata_singleton))
         bound_setattr("type", type)
+        bound_setattr("kwonly", kwonly)
 
     def __setattr__(self, name, value):
         raise FrozenInstanceError()
@@ -1117,7 +1153,7 @@ class _CountingAttr(object):
     likely the result of a bug like a forgotten `@attr.s` decorator.
     """
     __slots__ = ("counter", "_default", "repr", "cmp", "hash", "init",
-                 "metadata", "_validator", "convert", "type")
+                 "metadata", "_validator", "convert", "type", "kwonly")
     __attrs_attrs__ = tuple(
         Attribute(name=name, default=NOTHING, validator=None,
                   repr=True, cmp=True, hash=True, init=True)
@@ -1130,7 +1166,7 @@ class _CountingAttr(object):
     cls_counter = 0
 
     def __init__(self, default, validator, repr, cmp, hash, init, convert,
-                 metadata, type):
+                 metadata, type, kwonly=False):
         _CountingAttr.cls_counter += 1
         self.counter = _CountingAttr.cls_counter
         self._default = default
@@ -1146,6 +1182,7 @@ def __init__(self, default, validator, repr, cmp, hash, init, convert,
         self.convert = convert
         self.metadata = metadata
         self.type = type
+        self.kwonly = kwonly
 
     def validator(self, meth):
         """

tests/test_make.py

@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ class C(object):
             "default value or factory.  Attribute in question: Attribute"
             "(name='y', default=NOTHING, validator=None, repr=True, "
             "cmp=True, hash=None, init=True, convert=None, "
-            "metadata=mappingproxy({}), type=None)",
+            "metadata=mappingproxy({}), type=None, kwonly=False)",
         ) == e.value.args
 
     def test_these(self):
@@ -407,6 +407,97 @@ class C(object):
         assert not isinstance(x, _CountingAttr)
 
 
+@pytest.mark.skipif(PY2, reason="keyword-only arguments is PY3-only.")
+class TestKeywordOnlyAttributes(object):
+    """
+    Tests for keyword-only attributes.
+    """
+
+    def test_adds_keyword_only_arguments(self):
+        """
+        Attributes can be added as keyword-only.
+        """
+        @attr.s
+        class C(object):
+            a = attr.ib()
+            b = attr.ib(default=2, kwonly=True)
+            c = attr.ib(kwonly=True)
+            d = attr.ib(default=attr.Factory(lambda: 4), kwonly=True)
+
+        c = C(1, c=3)
+
+        assert c.a == 1
+        assert c.b == 2
+        assert c.c == 3
+        assert c.d == 4
+
+    def test_ignores_kwonly_when_init_is_false(self):
+        """
+        Specifying ``kwonly=True`` when ``init=False`` is essentially a no-op.
+        """
+        @attr.s
+        class C(object):
+            x = attr.ib(init=False, default=0, kwonly=True)
+            y = attr.ib()
+
+        c = C(1)
+        assert c.x == 0
+        assert c.y == 1
+
+    def test_keyword_only_attributes_presence(self):
+        """
+        Raises `TypeError` when keyword-only arguments are
+        not specified.
+        """
+        @attr.s
+        class C(object):
+            x = attr.ib(kwonly=True)
+
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError) as e:
+            C()
+
+        assert (
+            "missing 1 required keyword-only argument: 'x'"
+        ) in e.value.args[0]
+
+    def test_conflicting_keyword_only_attributes(self):
+        """
+        Raises `ValueError` if keyword-only attributes are followed by
+        regular (non keyword-only) attributes.
+        """
+        class C(object):
+            x = attr.ib(kwonly=True)
+            y = attr.ib()
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError) as e:
+            _transform_attrs(C, None)
+        assert (
+            "Non keyword-only attributes are not allowed after a "
+            "keyword-only attribute.  Attribute in question: Attribute"
+            "(name='y', default=NOTHING, validator=None, repr=True, "
+            "cmp=True, hash=None, init=True, convert=None, "
+            "metadata=mappingproxy({}), type=None, kwonly=False)",
+        ) == e.value.args
+
+    def test_keyword_only_attributes_allow_subclassing(self):
+        """
+        Subclass can define keyword-only attributed without defaults,
+        when the base class has attributes with defaults.
+        """
+        @attr.s
+        class Base(object):
+            x = attr.ib(default=0)
+
+        @attr.s
+        class C(Base):
+            y = attr.ib(kwonly=True)
+
+        c = C(y=1)
+
+        assert c.x == 0
+        assert c.y == 1
+
+
 @attr.s
 class GC(object):
     @attr.s

tests/utils.py

@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@ def simple_class(cmp=False, repr=False, hash=False, str=False, slots=False,
 
 
 def simple_attr(name, default=NOTHING, validator=None, repr=True,
-                cmp=True, hash=None, init=True):
+                cmp=True, hash=None, init=True, kwonly=False):
     """
     Return an attribute with a name and no other bells and whistles.
     """
     return Attribute(
         name=name, default=default, validator=validator, repr=repr,
-        cmp=cmp, hash=hash, init=init
+        cmp=cmp, hash=hash, init=init, kwonly=kwonly,
     )