Harden detached sources/layers

[tobrun]

A typical source of crashes is when a user loads a new style and tries to call methods on sources/layers that were attached to previous style. I think the issue at hand is twofold:

• conceptually it's not clear that a style is the owner of the underlying sources/layers and when you call MapboxMap#addLayer() it feels like MapboxMap owns it and it's valid as long as the MapView lives. This API change is ticketed out in Style.java #9338.
• it crashes the application but doesn't give any clear insight on what went wrong. To close this issue I'm proposing to track the detachment of a source/layer and either throw an exception to prevent core from crashing or ignore any method calls for detached sources/layers.

[stale]

This issue has been automatically marked as stale because it has not had recent activity. It will be closed if no further activity occurs. Thank you for your contributions.

[LukasPaczos]

Closed by #13484.