Emit a hint for bad call return types due to generic arguments

When the return type of a function call depends on the type of an
argument, e.g.

```
fn foo<T>(x: T) -> T {
    x
}
```

and the expected type is set due to either an explicitly typed
binding, or because the call to the function is in a tail position
without semicolon, the current error implies that the argument in the
call has the wrong type.

This new hint highlights that the expected type doesn't match the
returned type, which matches the argument type, and that that's why
we're flagging the argument type.

Fixes rust-lang#43608.

compiler/rustc_hir_typeck/src/demand.rs

@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
         self.note_internal_mutation_in_method(err, expr, expected, expr_ty);
         self.check_for_range_as_method_call(err, expr, expr_ty, expected);
         self.check_for_binding_assigned_block_without_tail_expression(err, expr, expr_ty, expected);
+        self.check_wrong_return_type_due_to_generic_arg(err, expr, expr_ty);
     }
 
     /// Requires that the two types unify, and prints an error message if
@@ -1941,4 +1942,77 @@ impl<'a, 'tcx> FnCtxt<'a, 'tcx> {
             err.span_label(block.span, "this block is missing a tail expression");
         }
     }
+
+    fn check_wrong_return_type_due_to_generic_arg(
+        &self,
+        err: &mut Diagnostic,
+        expr: &hir::Expr<'_>,
+        checked_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
+    ) {
+        let Some(hir::Node::Expr(parent_expr)) = self.tcx.hir().find_parent(expr.hir_id) else { return; };
+        enum CallableKind {
+            Function,
+            Method,
+            Constructor,
+        }
+        let mut maybe_emit_help = |def_id: hir::def_id::DefId,
+                                   callable: rustc_span::symbol::Ident,
+                                   args: &[hir::Expr<'_>],
+                                   kind: CallableKind| {
+            let arg_idx = args.iter().position(|a| a.hir_id == expr.hir_id).unwrap();
+            let fn_ty = self.tcx.bound_type_of(def_id).0;
+            if !fn_ty.is_fn() {
+                return;
+            }
+            let fn_sig = fn_ty.fn_sig(self.tcx).skip_binder();
+            let Some(&arg) = fn_sig.inputs().get(arg_idx + if matches!(kind, CallableKind::Method) { 1 } else { 0 }) else { return; };
+            if matches!(arg.kind(), ty::Param(_))
+                && fn_sig.output().contains(arg)
+                && self.node_ty(args[arg_idx].hir_id) == checked_ty
+            {
+                let mut multi_span: MultiSpan = parent_expr.span.into();
+                multi_span.push_span_label(
+                    args[arg_idx].span,
+                    format!(
+                        "this argument influences the {} of `{}`",
+                        if matches!(kind, CallableKind::Constructor) {
+                            "type"
+                        } else {
+                            "return type"
+                        },
+                        callable
+                    ),
+                );
+                err.span_help(
+                    multi_span,
+                    format!(
+                        "the {} `{}` due to the type of the argument passed",
+                        match kind {
+                            CallableKind::Function => "return type of this call is",
+                            CallableKind::Method => "return type of this call is",
+                            CallableKind::Constructor => "type constructed contains",
+                        },
+                        checked_ty
+                    ),
+                );
+            }
+        };
+        match parent_expr.kind {
+            hir::ExprKind::Call(fun, args) => {
+                let hir::ExprKind::Path(hir::QPath::Resolved(_, path)) = fun.kind else { return; };
+                let hir::def::Res::Def(kind, def_id) = path.res else { return; };
+                let callable_kind = if matches!(kind, hir::def::DefKind::Ctor(_, _)) {
+                    CallableKind::Constructor
+                } else {
+                    CallableKind::Function
+                };
+                maybe_emit_help(def_id, path.segments[0].ident, args, callable_kind);
+            }
+            hir::ExprKind::MethodCall(method, _receiver, args, _span) => {
+                let Some(def_id) = self.typeck_results.borrow().type_dependent_def_id(parent_expr.hir_id) else { return; };
+                maybe_emit_help(def_id, method.ident, args, CallableKind::Method)
+            }
+            _ => return,
+        }
+    }
 }

tests/ui/closures/issue-84128.stderr

@@ -6,6 +6,13 @@ LL |         Foo(())
    |         |
    |         arguments to this struct are incorrect
    |
+help: the type constructed contains `()` due to the type of the argument passed
+  --> $DIR/issue-84128.rs:13:9
+   |
+LL |         Foo(())
+   |         ^^^^--^
+   |             |
+   |             this argument influences the type of `Foo`
 note: tuple struct defined here
   --> $DIR/issue-84128.rs:5:8
    |

tests/ui/closures/issue-87461.stderr

@@ -6,6 +6,13 @@ LL |     Ok(())
    |     |
    |     arguments to this enum variant are incorrect
    |
+help: the type constructed contains `()` due to the type of the argument passed
+  --> $DIR/issue-87461.rs:10:5
+   |
+LL |     Ok(())
+   |     ^^^--^
+   |        |
+   |        this argument influences the type of `Ok`
 note: tuple variant defined here
   --> $SRC_DIR/core/src/result.rs:LL:COL
 
@@ -17,6 +24,13 @@ LL |     Ok(())
    |     |
    |     arguments to this enum variant are incorrect
    |
+help: the type constructed contains `()` due to the type of the argument passed
+  --> $DIR/issue-87461.rs:17:5
+   |
+LL |     Ok(())
+   |     ^^^--^
+   |        |
+   |        this argument influences the type of `Ok`
 note: tuple variant defined here
   --> $SRC_DIR/core/src/result.rs:LL:COL
 
@@ -28,6 +42,13 @@ LL |         Ok(())
    |         |
    |         arguments to this enum variant are incorrect
    |
+help: the type constructed contains `()` due to the type of the argument passed
+  --> $DIR/issue-87461.rs:26:9
+   |
+LL |         Ok(())
+   |         ^^^--^
+   |            |
+   |            this argument influences the type of `Ok`
 note: tuple variant defined here
   --> $SRC_DIR/core/src/result.rs:LL:COL
 

tests/ui/generic-associated-types/missing-bounds.stderr

@@ -23,6 +23,13 @@ LL |         A(self.0 + rhs.0)
    |
    = note: expected type parameter `B`
              found associated type `<B as Add>::Output`
+help: the type constructed contains `<B as Add>::Output` due to the type of the argument passed
+  --> $DIR/missing-bounds.rs:11:9
+   |
+LL |         A(self.0 + rhs.0)
+   |         ^^--------------^
+   |           |
+   |           this argument influences the type of `A`
 note: tuple struct defined here
   --> $DIR/missing-bounds.rs:5:8
    |

tests/ui/mismatched_types/issue-35030.stderr

@@ -11,6 +11,13 @@ LL |         Some(true)
    |
    = note: expected type parameter `bool` (type parameter `bool`)
                         found type `bool` (`bool`)
+help: the type constructed contains `bool` due to the type of the argument passed
+  --> $DIR/issue-35030.rs:9:9
+   |
+LL |         Some(true)
+   |         ^^^^^----^
+   |              |
+   |              this argument influences the type of `Some`
 note: tuple variant defined here
   --> $SRC_DIR/core/src/option.rs:LL:COL
 

tests/ui/suggestions/args-instead-of-tuple-errors.stderr

@@ -11,6 +11,13 @@ LL |     let _: Option<(i32, bool)> = Some(1, 2);
    |                                       ^
    = note: expected tuple `(i32, bool)`
                found type `{integer}`
+help: the type constructed contains `{integer}` due to the type of the argument passed
+  --> $DIR/args-instead-of-tuple-errors.rs:6:34
+   |
+LL |     let _: Option<(i32, bool)> = Some(1, 2);
+   |                                  ^^^^^-^^^^
+   |                                       |
+   |                                       this argument influences the type of `Some`
 note: tuple variant defined here
   --> $SRC_DIR/core/src/option.rs:LL:COL
 help: remove the extra argument
@@ -64,6 +71,13 @@ LL |     let _: Option<(i32,)> = Some(5_usize);
    |
    = note: expected tuple `(i32,)`
                found type `usize`
+help: the type constructed contains `usize` due to the type of the argument passed
+  --> $DIR/args-instead-of-tuple-errors.rs:14:29
+   |
+LL |     let _: Option<(i32,)> = Some(5_usize);
+   |                             ^^^^^-------^
+   |                                  |
+   |                                  this argument influences the type of `Some`
 note: tuple variant defined here
   --> $SRC_DIR/core/src/option.rs:LL:COL
 
@@ -77,6 +91,13 @@ LL |     let _: Option<(i32,)> = Some((5_usize));
    |
    = note: expected tuple `(i32,)`
                found type `usize`
+help: the type constructed contains `usize` due to the type of the argument passed
+  --> $DIR/args-instead-of-tuple-errors.rs:17:29
+   |
+LL |     let _: Option<(i32,)> = Some((5_usize));
+   |                             ^^^^^---------^
+   |                                  |
+   |                                  this argument influences the type of `Some`
 note: tuple variant defined here
   --> $SRC_DIR/core/src/option.rs:LL:COL
 

tests/ui/suggestions/sugg-else-for-closure.stderr

@@ -8,6 +8,13 @@ LL |     let _s = y.unwrap_or(|| x.split('.').nth(1).unwrap());
    |
    = note: expected reference `&str`
                 found closure `[closure@$DIR/sugg-else-for-closure.rs:6:26: 6:28]`
+help: the return type of this call is `[closure@$DIR/sugg-else-for-closure.rs:6:26: 6:28]` due to the type of the argument passed
+  --> $DIR/sugg-else-for-closure.rs:6:14
+   |
+LL |     let _s = y.unwrap_or(|| x.split('.').nth(1).unwrap());
+   |              ^^^^^^^^^^^^-------------------------------^
+   |                          |
+   |                          this argument influences the return type of `unwrap_or`
 note: associated function defined here
   --> $SRC_DIR/core/src/option.rs:LL:COL
 help: try calling `unwrap_or_else` instead

tests/ui/traits/issue-52893.stderr

@@ -11,6 +11,13 @@ LL |         builder.push(output);
    |
    = note: expected type parameter `F`
                       found struct `Class<P>`
+help: the return type of this call is `Class<P>` due to the type of the argument passed
+  --> $DIR/issue-52893.rs:53:9
+   |
+LL |         builder.push(output);
+   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^------^
+   |                      |
+   |                      this argument influences the return type of `push`
 note: associated function defined here
   --> $DIR/issue-52893.rs:11:8
    |

tests/ui/type/wrong-call-return-type-due-to-generic-arg.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+fn function<T>(x: T, y: bool) -> T {
+    x
+}
+
+struct S {}
+impl S {
+    fn method<T>(&self, x: T) -> T {
+        x
+    }
+}
+
+fn wrong_arg_type(x: u32) -> u32 {
+    x
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    // Should not trigger.
+    let x = wrong_arg_type(0u16); //~ ERROR mismatched types
+    let x: u16 = function(0, 0u8); //~ ERROR mismatched types
+
+    // Should trigger exactly once for the first argument.
+    let x: u16 = function(0u32, 0u8); //~ ERROR arguments to this function are incorrect
+
+    // Should trigger.
+    let x: u16 = function(0u32, true); //~ ERROR mismatched types
+    let x: u16 = (S {}).method(0u32); //~ ERROR mismatched types
+    function(0u32, 8u8) //~ ERROR arguments to this function are incorrect
+}