Grammar-Kit

An IntelliJ IDEA plugin for language plugin developers.
Adds BNF Grammars and JFlex files editing support including parser/PSI code generator.

Quick links: Latest dev build, Changelog, Tutorial, How-to, Standalone usage.

Open-source plugins built with Grammar-Kit:

• Clojure-Kit, intellij-rust, intellij-erlang, go-lang-idea-plugin,
• intellij-haskforce, elm-plugin, intellij-elixir, Perl5-IDEA,
• Dart, intellij-haxe, Cypher, OGNL

General usage instructions

1. Create grammar *.bnf file, see Grammar.bnf in the plugin code.
2. Tune the grammar using Live Preview + Structure view (ctrl-alt-P / meta-alt-P)
3. Generate parser/ElementTypes/PSI classes (ctrl-shift-G / meta-shift-G)
4. Generate lexer *.flex file and then run JFlex generator (both via context menu)
5. Implement ParserDefinition and add the corresponding registrations to the plugin.xml
6. Mix-in resolve and other non-trivial functionality to PSI

Tooling support

• Refactoring: extract rule (Ctrl-Alt-R/Meta-Alt-R)
• Refactoring: introduce token (Ctrl-Alt-C/Meta-Alt-C)
• Editing: flip choice branches intention (via Alt-Enter)
• Editing: Unwrap/remove expression (Ctrl-Shift-Del/Meta-Shift-Del)
• Navigation: quick grammar and flex file structure popup (Ctrl-F12/Meta-F12)
• Navigation: go to related file (parser and PSI) (Ctrl-Alt-Home/Meta-Alt-Home)
• Navigation: navigate to matched expressions (Ctrl-B/Meta-B inside attribute pattern)
• Highlighting: customizable colors (via Settings/Colors and Fonts)
• Highlighting: pinned expression markers (tooltip shows pin value in charge)
• Highlighting: a number of inspections, the list is available in Settings/Inspections
• Documentation: rule documentation popup shows FIRST/FOLLOWS/PSI content (Ctrl-Q/Meta-J)
• Documentation: attribute documentation popup (Ctrl-Q/Meta-J)
• Live preview: open language live preview editor (Ctrl-Alt-P/Meta-Alt-P)
• Live preview: start/stop grammar evaluator highlighting (Ctrl-Alt-F7/Meta-Alt-F7 in preview editor)
• Generator: generate parser/PSI code (Ctrl-Shift-G/Meta-Shift-G)
• Generator: generate custom parserUtilClass class
• Generator: generate *.flex - JFlex lexer definition
• Generator: run JFlex generator on a *.flex file
• Diagram: PSI tree diagram (UML plugin required)

Quick documentation:

See Parsing Expression Grammar (PEG) for basic syntax. Use ::= for ← symbol. You can also use [ .. ] for optional sequences and { | | } for choices as these variants are popular in real-world grammars. Grammar-Kit source code is the main example of Grammar-Kit application. The grammar for BNF parser and PSI generation can be found here.

Here's how it may look like:

// Basic PEG BNF syntax

root_rule ::= rule_A rule_B rule_C rule_D                // sequence expression
rule_A ::= token | 'or_text' | "another_one"             // choice expression
rule_B ::= [ optional_token ] and_another_one?           // optional expression
rule_C ::= &required !forbidden                          // predicate expression
rule_D ::= { can_use_braces + (and_parens) * }           // grouping and repetition

// Grammar-Kit BNF syntax

{ generate=[psi="no"] }                                  // top-level global attributes
private left rule_with_modifier ::= '+'                  // rule modifiers
left rule_with_attributes ::= '?' {elementType=rule_D}   // rule attributes

private meta list ::= <<p>> (',' <<p>>) *                // meta rule with parameters
private list_usage ::= <<list rule_D>>                   // meta rule application

Basic syntax is extended with rule and global attributes that control code generation. Attributes are specified by the list of name=value pairs enclosed in braces. Rule attributes are placed right after the rule definition. Global attributes are placed on top or separated from a rule definition with a semicolon.

Generator generates a static method for each BNF expression as follows:

static boolean rule_name(..)               // rule top level expression
static boolean rule_name_0(..)             // rule sub-expression
...                                        // ...
static boolean rule_name_N1_N2_..._NX      // rule sub-sub-...-sub-expression

Naming a rule like rule_name_N1_N2_..._NX shall be avoided.

One can specify an attribute for several rules at once in a global attributes block:

{
  extends("*._expr")=expr        // applies to all .*_expr rules
  pin(".*_list(?:_\d+)*")=1      // applies to all .*_list rules and their sub-expressions
}

Rule modifiers:

1. private: PSI node will not be generated for this rule. Rules are public by default.
2. external: not generated. Used for generated and handwritten code integration.
3. left: left-associativity support. PSI node for this rule will enclose the one to the left.
4. inner: left-injection. PSI node for this rule will be injected into the one to the left.
5. meta: meta grammar support. Meta rules work in conjunction with external expressions.
6. fake: no parser code will be generated. For PSI hierarchy generation only.

Modifiers can be combined, inner should only be used together with left, private left is equivalent to private left inner.

Meta rules & external expressions:

External expression << ... >> is simply an inline variant of external rule. It can also be used to specify meta rule along with arguments.

For example:

meta comma_separated_list ::= <<param>> ( ',' <<param>> ) *
option_list ::= <<comma_separated_list (OPTION1 | OPTION2 | OPTION3)>>

External rule expression syntax is the same as a body of external expression:

 external manually_parsed_rule ::= methodName param1 param2 ...

External expressions and external rules interpret double- and single-quoted strings differently. Generally anything that appears in an external expression after rule or method name is treated as parameter and passed "as is" except single-quoted strings which are unquoted first. This helps passing qualified enum constants, java expressions, etc.

Rule references in parameter list are implemented as GeneratedParserUtilBase.Parser instances.

Tokens:

Explicit tokens are declared via tokens global attribute, e.g. in token_name=token_value form. A token name is for IElementType token constant, a token value is usually its string representation in single or double quotes.

Tokens in grammar can be referenced by name or by value in single or double quotes. It is recommended to use values where possible for better readability. Names can be used to resolve conflicts when there is an unquoted token value that also match some rule.

Implicit tokens are tokens not specified via tokens attribute. Unquoted implicit tokens (aka keyword tokens) have names equals to their values. Quoted implicit tokens (aka text-matched tokens) are slow because they are matched by text and not by an IElementType constant returned by a lexer. Text-matched tokens can span more than one real token returned by lexer.

Rules, tokens and text-matched tokens have different colors in editor.

Attributes for error recovery and reporting:

• pin (value: a number or a pattern) tunes the parser to handle incomplete matches. A sequence matches if its prefix up to a pinned item matches. On successfully reaching the pinned item the parser tries to match the rest items whether they match or not. Pin value indicates the desired item by either a number {pin=2} or a pattern {pin="rule_B"}. By default the pin is applied to the top sequence expression. Sub-expressions can be included using a target pattern: {pin(".*")=1} applies to all sub-sequences.

• recoverWhile (value: predicate rule) matches any number of tokens after the rule matching completes with any result. This attribute helps parser recover when unmatched token sequence is encountered. See HOWTO section for more.

• name (value: string) specifies a name for a rule to be used in error reports. For example, *name("_.expr")=expression changes expression error messages to "<expression> required" instead of a long list of tokens.

Generated parser structure:

Generator can split parser code into several classes for better support of large grammars.

For simple cases parser will consists just of several generated classes.

The actual error recovery and reporting code as well as completion functionality for parser-based completion provider and basic token matching code resides in a parserUtilClass class. It may be altered by specifying some other class that extend or mimic the original GeneratedParserUtilBase. There's no need to keep a copy of GeneratedParserUtilBase in a project, it is included in IntelliJ Platform since version 12.1.

The manual parsing code, i.e. external rules must be implemented the same way as generated, by a static method in the parserUtilClass class or any other class that will be imported via parserImports attribute like this:

{
  parserImports=["static org.sample.ManualParsing.*"]
}

Lexer and PSI:

IElementType constants generated by parser generator have to be recognized and returned by the lexer. JFlex-based lexer can be generated from grammar that defines all the required tokens ( Generate JFlex Lexer menu).

Run JFlex Generator menu in a *.flex file calls JFlex to generate lexer java code. Keywords are picked right from usages while tokens like string, identifier and comment can be defined like this (from TUTORIAL):

{
  tokens=[
    ...
    comment='regexp://.*'
    number='regexp:\d+(\.\d*)?'
    id='regexp:\p{Alpha}\w*'
    string="regexp:('([^'\\]|\\.)*'|\"([^\"\\]|\\.)*\")"
    ...
  ]
  ...
}

While Live Preview mode supports full Java RegExp syntax and JFlex supports only a subset (see JFlex documentation) Grammar-Kit tries to perform some obvious conversions.

Lexer can be provided separately or one can use the generated *.flex file as a base.

Parser generator generates token types constants and PSI by default. This can be switched off via generateTokens and generatePSI global boolean attributes respectively.

elementType rule attribute allows mixing the generated code and some existing hand-made PSI.

Standalone usage

Standalone generator

This way of running the parser generator has certain limitations in regards to PSI generation:

• Method mixins require two-pass generation
• Generic signatures may not be exact

Grammar-Kit depends on IntelliJ Platform classes. Required jars are specified in grammar-kit.jar!/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF. When running via java -jar one can either (1) provide original IntelliJ Platform jars in lib subfolder next to the grammar-kit.jar or (2) the experimental light-psi-all.jar right next to the grammar-kit.jar (only the required platform classes in one file built by LightPsi-All: Package run configuration).

<dir>
├─ lib/<IntelliJ jars> (1)
├─ light-psi-all.jar   (2)
└─ grammar-kit.jar

// java -jar
java -jar grammar-kit.jar <output-dir> <grammars-and-dirs>

// java -cp
java -cp grammar-kit.jar;<all-the-needed-jars> org.intellij.grammar.Main <output-dir> <grammars-and-dirs>

Gradle plugin is also available.

Standalone parser

The following command demonstrates the sample expression parser in action:

java -jar expression-console-sample.jar