[ci] run Azure DevOps Linux_latest jobs on ubuntu:latest

[jameslamb]

Summary

The changes from #5174 should be reverted, and Linux_latest CI jobs on Azure Devops should use the ubuntu:latest image (currently Ubuntu 22.04).

Description

While working on #5169, I ran into an issue where the Linux_latest jobs running on Azure DevOps started failing.

Determined that this was because the ubuntu:latest tag on DockerHub moved from Ubuntu 20.04 to Ubuntu 22.04 (#5169 (comment)).

#5174 temporarily pinned those jobs to ubuntu:20.04 so that development on the project was no longer blocked.

References

I believe that #5106 needs to be addressed to add this support. I think I almost have a reproducible example and potential fixes for that (#5106 (comment)), but I've been traveling a lot recently and haven't had time to submit a pull request.

If this isn't addressed by whenever GitHub moves the ubuntu-latest virtual machine image for GitHub Actions to Ubuntu 22.04, more jobs will start failing (#5174 (comment)). I don't know when that might happen.

[github-actions]

This issue has been automatically locked since there has not been any recent activity since it was closed.
To start a new related discussion, open a new issue at https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM/issues
including a reference to this.