[ci] [python-package] correct tag on x86_64 wheels

[jameslamb]

Contributes to #4788.

#5580 switched LightGBM's CI to using an image based on pypa/manylinux_2_28_x86_64 to produce x86_64 wheels.

In that PR, I forgot to update the platform tag used with those wheels 😬

This PR contains two fixes:

• updates the tag to manylinux_2_28_x86_64
• updates to the image produced from master of https://github.com/guolinke/lightgbm-ci-docker, so that future development on the dev branch there doesn't disrupt LightGBM's CI

Notes for Reviewers

In a future PR, I think we should consider running auditwheel show in CI like @tdoublep did in #4788, to prevent this "wrong tag" issue from making it onto master.

[jameslamb]

@jmoralez @shiyu1994 @guolinke could you help with reviews of this one and #5590 ? These contribute to my ongoing effort to stabilize the CI and ensure the Python package is still installable after pip v23.1 comes out (#5061 ).

Thank you!

[jameslamb]

Thanks for the review, @jmoralez !

[github-actions]

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