BinPackage

The Database of Icelandic Morphology (DIM, BÍN) encapsulated in a Python package

BinPackage is a Python (>= 3.9) package, published by Miðeind ehf, that embeds the vocabulary of the Database of Icelandic Morphology (Beygingarlýsing íslensks nútímamáls, BÍN) and offers various lookups and queries of the data.

The database, maintained by The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies and edited by chief editor Kristín Bjarnadóttir, contains over 6.5 million entries, over 3.1 million unique word forms, and about 300,000 distinct lemmas.

Miðeind has encapsulated the database in an easy-to-install Python package, compressing it from a 400+ megabyte CSV file into an ~82 megabyte indexed binary structure. The package maps this structure directly into memory (via mmap) for fast lookup. An algorithm for handling compound words is an important additional feature of the package.

With BinPackage, pip install islenska is all you need to have almost all of the commonly used vocabulary of the modern Icelandic language at your disposal via Python. Batteries are included; no additional databases, downloads or middleware are required.

BinPackage allows querying for word forms, as well as lemmas and grammatical variants. This includes information about word classes/categories (noun, verb, ...), domains (person names, place names, ...), inflectional tags and various annotations, such as degrees of linguistic acceptability and alternate spelling forms.

The basics of BÍN

The DMI/BÍN database is published in electronic form by The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies. The database is released under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license, in CSV files having two main formats: Sigrúnarsnið (the Basic Format) and Kristínarsnið (the Augmented Format). Sigrúnarsnið is more compact with six attributes for each word form. Kristínarsnið is newer and more detailed, with up to 15 attributes for each word form.

BinPackage supports both formats, with the augmented format (represented by the class Ksnid) being returned from several functions and the basic format (represented by the named tuple BinEntry) from others, as documented below.

Further information in English about the word classes and the inflectional categories in the DMI/BÍN database can be found here.

The Basic Format

The BÍN Basic Format is represented in BinPackage with a Python NamedTuple called BinEntry, having the following attributes (further documented here in Icelandic and here in English):

Name	Type	Content
`ord`	`str`	Lemma (headword, uppflettiorð).
`bin_id`	`int`	Identifier of the lemma, unique for a particular lemma/class combination.
`ofl`	`str`	Word class/category, i.e. `kk`/`kvk`/`hk` for (masculine/feminine/neutral) nouns, `lo` for adjectives, `so` for verbs, `ao` for adverbs, etc.
`hluti`	`str`	Semantic classification, i.e. `alm` for general vocabulary, `ism` for Icelandic person names, `örn` for place names (örnefni), etc.
`bmynd`	`str`	Inflectional form (beygingarmynd).
`mark`	`str`	Inflectional tag of this inflectional form, for instance `ÞGFETgr` for dative (þágufall, `ÞGF`), singular (eintala, `ET`), definite (með greini, `gr`).

The inflectional tag in the mark attribute is documented in detail here in Icelandic and here in English.

The Augmented Format

The BÍN Augmented Format, Kristínarsnið, is represented by instances of the Ksnid class. It has the same six attributes as BinEntry (the Basic Format) but adds nine attributes, shortly summarized below. For details, please refer to the full documentation in Icelandic or in English.

Name	Type	Content
`einkunn`	`int`	Headword correctness grade, ranging from 0-5.
`malsnid`	`str`	Genre/register indicator; e.g. `STAD` for dialectal, `GAM` for old-fashioned or `URE` for obsolete.
`malfraedi`	`str`	Grammatical marking for further consideration, such as `STAFS` (spelling) or `TALA` (singular/plural).
`millivisun`	`int`	Cross reference to the identifier (`bin_id` field) of a variant of this headword.
`birting`	`str`	`K` for the DMII Core (BÍN kjarni) of most common and accepted word forms, `V` for other published BÍN entries.
`beinkunn`	`int`	Correctness grade for this inflectional form, ranging from 0-5.
`bmalsnid`	`str`	Genre/register indicator for this inflectional form.
`bgildi`	`str`	Indicator for inflectional forms bound to idioms and other special cases.
`aukafletta`	`str`	Alternative headword, e.g. plural form.

Word compounding algorithm

Icelandic allows almost unlimited creation of compound words. Examples are síamskattarkjóll (noun), sólarolíulegur (adjective), öskurgrenja (verb). It is of course impossible for a static database to include all possible compound words. To address this problem, BinPackage features a compound word recognition algorithm, which is invoked when looking up any word that is not found as-is in BÍN.

The algorithm relies on a list of valid word prefixes, stored in src/islenska/resources/prefixes.txt, and suffixes, stored in src/islenska/resources/suffixes.txt. These lists have been compressed into data structures called Directed Acyclic Word Graphs (DAWGs). BinPackage uses these DAWGs to find optimal solutions for the compound word problem, where an optimal solution is defined as the prefix+suffix combination that has (1) the fewest prefixes and (2) the longest suffix.

If an optimal compound form exists for a word, its suffix is looked up in BÍN and used as an inflection template for the compound. Síamskattarkjóll is thus resolved into the prefix síamskattar and the suffix kjóll, with the latter providing the inflection of síamskattarkjóll as a singular masculine noun in the nominative case.

The compounding algorithm returns the prefixes and suffixes of the optimal compound in the ord and bmynd fields of the returned BinEntry / Ksnid instances, separated by hyphens -. As an example, síamskattarkjóll is returned as follows (note the hyphens):

>>> b.lookup("síamskattarkjóll")
('síamskattarkjóll', [
    (ord='síamskattar-kjóll', kk/alm/0, bmynd='síamskattar-kjóll', NFET)
])

Lookups that are resolved via the compounding algorithm have a bin_id of zero. Note that the compounding algorithm will occasionally recognize nonexistent words, for instance spelling errors, as compounds.

If desired, the compounding algorithm can be disabled via an optional flag; see the documentation below.

Examples

Querying for word forms

Uppfletting beygingarmynda

>>> from islenska import Bin
>>> b = Bin()
>>> b.lookup("færi")
('færi', [
    (ord='fara', so/alm/433568, bmynd='færi', OP-ÞGF-GM-VH-ÞT-1P-ET),
    (ord='fara', so/alm/433568, bmynd='færi', OP-ÞGF-GM-VH-ÞT-1P-FT),
    (ord='fara', so/alm/433568, bmynd='færi', OP-ÞGF-GM-VH-ÞT-2P-ET),
    (ord='fara', so/alm/433568, bmynd='færi', OP-ÞGF-GM-VH-ÞT-2P-FT),
    (ord='fara', so/alm/433568, bmynd='færi', OP-ÞGF-GM-VH-ÞT-3P-ET),
    (ord='fara', so/alm/433568, bmynd='færi', OP-það-GM-VH-ÞT-3P-ET),
    (ord='fara', so/alm/433568, bmynd='færi', OP-ÞGF-GM-VH-ÞT-3P-FT),
    (ord='fara', so/alm/433568, bmynd='færi', GM-VH-ÞT-1P-ET),
    (ord='fara', so/alm/433568, bmynd='færi', GM-VH-ÞT-3P-ET),
    (ord='fær', lo/alm/448392, bmynd='færi', FVB-KK-NFET),
    (ord='færa', so/alm/434742, bmynd='færi', GM-FH-NT-1P-ET),
    (ord='færa', so/alm/434742, bmynd='færi', GM-VH-NT-1P-ET),
    (ord='færa', so/alm/434742, bmynd='færi', GM-VH-NT-3P-ET),
    (ord='færa', so/alm/434742, bmynd='færi', GM-VH-NT-3P-FT),
    (ord='færi', hk/alm/1198, bmynd='færi', NFET),
    (ord='færi', hk/alm/1198, bmynd='færi', ÞFET),
    (ord='færi', hk/alm/1198, bmynd='færi', ÞGFET),
    (ord='færi', hk/alm/1198, bmynd='færi', NFFT),
    (ord='færi', hk/alm/1198, bmynd='færi', ÞFFT)
])

Bin.lookup() returns the matched search key, usually identical to the passed-in word (here færi), and a list of matching entries in the basic format (Sigrúnarsnið), i.e. as instances of BinEntry.

Each entry is a named tuple containing the lemma (ord), the word class, domain and id number (hk/alm/1198), the inflectional form (bmynd) and tag (GM-VH-NT-3P-FT). The tag strings are documented in detail here in Icelandic and here in English.

Detailed word query

Uppfletting ítarlegra upplýsinga

>>> from islenska import Bin
>>> b = Bin()
>>> w, m = b.lookup_ksnid("allskonar")
>>> # m is a list of 24 matching entries; we look at the first item only
>>> m[0].malfraedi
'STAFS'
>>> m[0].einkunn
4

Bin.lookup_ksnid() returns the matched search key and a list of all matching entries in the augmented format (Kristínarsnið). The fields of Kristínarsnið are documented in detail here in Icelandic and here in English.

As the example shows, the word allskonar is marked with the tag STAFS in the malfraedi field, and has an einkunn (correctness grade) of 4 (where 1 is the normal grade), giving a clue that this spelling is nonstandard. (A more correct form is alls konar, in two words.)

Lemmas and classes

Lemmur, uppflettiorð; orðflokkar

BinPackage can find all possible lemmas (headwords) of a word, and the classes/categories to which it may belong.

>>> from islenska import Bin
>>> b = Bin()
>>> b.lookup_lemmas_and_cats("laga")
{('lag', 'hk'), ('lög', 'hk'), ('laga', 'so'), ('lagi', 'kk'), ('lögur', 'kk')}

Here we see, perhaps unexpectedly, that the word form laga has five possible lemmas: four nouns (lag, lög, lagi and lögur, neutral (hk) and masculine (kk) respectively), and one verb (so), having the infinitive (nafnháttur) að laga.

Lookup by BÍN identifier

Given a BÍN identifier (id number), BinPackage can return all entries for that id:

>>> from islenska import Bin
>>> b = Bin()
>>> b.lookup_id(495410)
[<Ksnid: bmynd='sko', ord/ofl/hluti/bin_id='sko'/uh/alm/495410, mark=OBEYGJANLEGT, ksnid='1;;;;K;1;;;'>]

Grammatical variants

With BinPackage, it is easy to obtain grammatical variants (alternative inflectional forms) of words: convert them between cases, singular and plural, persons, degrees, moods, etc. Let's look at an example:

>>> from islenska import Bin
>>> b = Bin()
>>> m = b.lookup_variants("Laugavegur", "kk", "ÞGF")
>>> # m is a list of all possible variants of 'Laugavegur' in dative case.
>>> # In this particular example, m has only one entry.
>>> m[0].bmynd
'Laugavegi'

This is all it takes to convert the (masculine, kk) street name Laugavegur to dative case, commonly used in addresses.

>>> from islenska import Bin
>>> b = Bin()
>>> m = b.lookup_variants("fallegur", "lo", ("EVB", "HK", "NF", "FT"))
>>> # m contains a list of all inflectional forms that meet the given
>>> # criteria. In this example, we use the first form in the list.
>>> adj = m[0].bmynd
>>> f"Ég sá {adj} norðurljósin"
'Ég sá fallegustu norðurljósin'

Here, we obtained the superlative degree, weak form (EVB, efsta stig, veik beyging), neutral gender (HK), nominative case (NF), plural (FT), of the adjective (lo) fallegur and used it in a sentence.

Documentation

`Bin()` constructor

To create an instance of the Bin class, do as follows:

>>> from islenska import Bin
>>> b = Bin()

You can optionally specify the following boolean flags in the Bin() constructor call:

Flag	Default	Description
`add_negation`	`True`	For adjectives, find forms with the prefix `ó` even if only the non-prefixed version is present in BÍN. Example: find `ófíkinn` because `fíkinn` is in BÍN.
`add_legur`	`True`	For adjectives, find all forms with an "adjective-like" suffix, i.e. `-legur`, `-leg`, etc. even if they are not present in BÍN. Example: `sólarolíulegt`.
`add_compounds`	`True`	Find compound words that can be derived from BinPackage's collection of allowed prefixes and suffixes. The algorithm finds the compound word with the fewest components and the longest suffix. Example: `síamskattar-kjóll`.
`replace_z`	`True`	Find words containing `tzt` and `z` by replacing these strings by `st` and `s`, respectively. Example: `veitzt` -> `veist`.
`only_bin`	`False`	Find only word forms that are originally present in BÍN, disabling all of the above described flags.

As an example, to create a Bin instance that only returns word forms that occur in the original BÍN database, do like so:

>>> from islenska import Bin
>>> b = Bin(only_bin=True)

`lookup()` function

To look up word forms and return summarized data in the Basic Format (BinEntry tuples), call the lookup function:

>>> w, m = b.lookup("mæla")
>>> w
'mæla'
>>> m
[
    (ord='mæla', kvk/alm/16302, bmynd='mæla', NFET),
    (ord='mæla', kvk/alm/16302, bmynd='mæla', EFFT2),
    (ord='mæla', so/alm/469211, bmynd='mæla', GM-NH),
    (ord='mæla', so/alm/469211, bmynd='mæla', GM-FH-NT-3P-FT),
    (ord='mæla', so/alm/469210, bmynd='mæla', GM-NH),
    (ord='mæla', so/alm/469210, bmynd='mæla', GM-FH-NT-3P-FT),
    (ord='mæli', hk/alm/2512, bmynd='mæla', EFFT),
    (ord='mælir', kk/alm/4474, bmynd='mæla', ÞFFT),
    (ord='mælir', kk/alm/4474, bmynd='mæla', EFFT)
]

This function returns a Tuple[str, List[BinEntry]] containing the string that was actually used as a search key, and a list of BinEntry instances that match the search key. The list is empty if no matches were found, in which case the word is probably not Icelandic or at least not spelled correctly.

In this example, however, the list has nine matching entries. We see that the word form mæla is an inflectional form of five different headwords (lemmas), including two verbs (so): (1) mæla meaning to measure (past tense mældi), and (2) mæla meaning to speak (past tense mælti). Other headwords are nouns, in all three genders: feminine (kvk), neutral (hk) and masculine (kk).

Let's try a different twist:

>>> w, m = b.lookup("síamskattarkjólanna")
>>> w
'síamskattarkjólanna'
>>> m
[
    (ord='síamskattar-kjóll', kk/alm/0, bmynd='síamskattar-kjólanna', EFFTgr)
]

Here we see that síamskattarkjólanna is a compound word, amalgamated from síamskattar and kjólanna, with kjóll being the base lemma of the compound word. This is a masculine noun (kk), in the alm (general vocabulary) domain. Note that it has an id number (bin_id) equal to 0 since it is constructed on-the-fly by BinPackage, rather than being found in BÍN. The grammatical tag string is EFFTgr, i.e. genitive (eignarfall, EF), plural (fleirtala, FT) and definite (með greini, gr).

You can specify the at_sentence_start option as being True, in which case BinPackage will also look for lower case words in BÍN even if the lookup word is upper case. As an example:

>>> _, m = b.lookup("Geysir", at_sentence_start=True)
>>> m
[
    (ord='geysa', so/alm/483756, bmynd='geysir', GM-FH-NT-2P-ET),
    (ord='geysa', so/alm/483756, bmynd='geysir', GM-FH-NT-3P-ET),
    (ord='geysa', so/alm/483756, bmynd='geysir', GM-VH-NT-2P-ET),
    (ord='Geysir', kk/bær/263617, bmynd='Geysir', NFET)
]
>>> _, m = b.lookup("Geysir", at_sentence_start=False)  # This is the default
>>> m
[
    (ord='Geysir', kk/bær/263617, bmynd='Geysir', NFET)
]

As you can see, the lowercase matches for geysir are returned as well as the single uppercase one, if at_sentence_start is set to True.

Another example:

>>> b.lookup("Heftaranum", at_sentence_start=True)
('heftaranum', [
    (ord='heftari', kk/alm/7958, bmynd='heftaranum', ÞGFETgr)
])

Note that here, the returned search key is heftaranum in lower case, since Heftaranum in upper case was not found in BÍN.

Another option is auto_uppercase, which if set to True, causes the returned search key to be in upper case if any upper case entry exists in BÍN for the lookup word. This can be helpful when attempting to normalize all-lowercase input, for example from voice recognition systems. (Additional disambiguation is typically still needed, since many common words and names do exist both in lower case and in upper case, and BinPackage cannot infer which form is desired in the output.)

A final example of when the returned search key is different from the lookup word:

>>>> b.lookup("þýzk")
('þýsk', [
    (ord='þýskur', lo/alm/408914, bmynd='þýsk', FSB-KVK-NFET),
    (ord='þýskur', lo/alm/408914, bmynd='þýsk', FSB-HK-NFFT),
    (ord='þýskur', lo/alm/408914, bmynd='þýsk', FSB-HK-ÞFFT)
])

Here, the input contains z or tzt which is translated to s or st respectively to find a lookup match in BÍN. In this case, the actual matching word þýsk is returned as the search key instead of þýzk. (This behavior can be disabled with the replace_z flag on the Bin() constructor, as described above.)

lookup() has the following parameters:

Name	Type	Default	Description
w	`str`		The word to look up
at_sentence_start	`bool`	`False`	`True` if BinPackage should also return lower case forms of the word, if it is given in upper case.
auto_uppercase	`bool`	`False`	`True` if BinPackage should use and return upper case search keys, if the word exists in upper case.

The function returns a Tuple[str, List[BinEntry]] instance. The first element of the tuple is the search key that was matched in BÍN, and the second element is the list of matches, each represented by a BinEntry instance.

`lookup_ksnid()` function

To look up word forms and return full augmented format (Kristínarsnið) entries, call the lookup_ksnid() function:

>>> w, m = b.lookup_ksnid("allskonar")
>>> w
'allskonar'
>>> # m is a list of all matches of the word form; here we show the first item
>>> str(m[0])
"<Ksnid: bmynd='allskonar', ord/ofl/hluti/bin_id='allskonar'/lo/alm/175686, mark=FSB-KK-NFET, ksnid='4;;STAFS;496369;V;1;;;'>"
>>> m[0].malfraedi
'STAFS'
>>> m[0].einkunn
4
>>> m[0].millivisun
496369

This function is identical to lookup() except that it returns full augmented format entries of class Ksnid, with 15 attributes each, instead of basic format (BinEntry) tuples. The same option flags are available and the logic for returning the search key is the same.

The example shows how the word allskonar has a grammatical comment regarding spelling (m[0].malfraedi == 'STAFS') and a correctness grade (m[0].einkunn) of 4, as well as a cross-reference to the entry with id number (bin_id) 496369 - which is the lemma alls konar.

lookup_ksnid() has the following parameters:

Name	Type	Default	Description
w	`str`		The word to look up
at_sentence_start	`bool`	`False`	`True` if BinPackage should also return lower case forms of the word, if it is given in upper case.
auto_uppercase	`bool`	`False`	`True` if BinPackage should use and return upper case search keys, if the word exists in upper case.

The function returns a tuple of type Tuple[str, List[Ksnid]]. The first element of the tuple is the search key that was matched in BÍN, and the second element is the list of matching entries, each represented by an instance of class Ksnid.

`lookup_id()` function

If you have a BÍN identifier (integer id) and need to look up the associated augmented format (Kristínarsnið) entries, call the lookup_id() function:

>>> b.lookup_id(495410)
[<Ksnid: bmynd='sko', ord/ofl/hluti/bin_id='sko'/uh/alm/495410, mark=OBEYGJANLEGT, ksnid='1;;;;K;1;;;'>]

lookup_id() has a single mandatory parameter:

Name	Type	Default	Description
bin_id	`int`		The BÍN identifier of the entries to look up.

The function returns a list of type List[Ksnid]. If the given id number is not found in BÍN, an empty list is returned.

`lookup_cats()` function

To look up the possible classes/categories of a word (orðflokkar), call the lookup_cats function:

>>> b.lookup_cats("laga")
{'so', 'hk', 'kk'}

The function returns a Set[str] with all possible word classes/categories of the word form. If the word is not found in BÍN, or recognized using the compounding algorithm, the function returns an empty set.

lookup_cats() has the following parameters:

Name	Type	Default	Description
w	`str`		The word to look up
at_sentence_start	`bool`	`False`	`True` if BinPackage should also include lower case forms of the word, if it is given in upper case.

`lookup_lemmas_and_cats()` function

To look up the possible lemmas/headwords and classes/categories of a word (lemmur og orðflokkar), call the lookup_lemmas_and_cats function:

>>> b.lookup_lemmas_and_cats("laga")
{('lagi', 'kk'), ('lögur', 'kk'), ('laga', 'so'), ('lag', 'hk'), ('lög', 'hk')}

The function returns a Set[Tuple[str, str]] where each tuple contains a lemma/headword and a class/category, respectively. If the word is not found in BÍN, or recognized using the compounding algorithm, the function returns an empty set.

lookup_lemmas_and_cats() has the following parameters:

Name	Type	Default	Description
w	`str`		The word to look up
at_sentence_start	`bool`	`False`	`True` if BinPackage should also include lower case forms of the word, if it is given in upper case.

`lookup_variants()` function

This function returns grammatical variants (particular inflectional forms) of a given word. For instance, it can return a noun in a different case, plural instead of singular, and/or with or without an attached definite article (greinir). It can return adjectives in different degrees (frumstig, miðstig, efsta stig), verbs in different persons or moods, etc.

Here is a simple example, converting the masculine noun heftaranum from dative to nominative case (NF):

>>> m = b.lookup_variants("heftaranum", "kk", "NF")
>>> m[0].bmynd
'heftarinn'

Here we add a conversion to plural (FT) as well - note that we can pass multiple inflectional tags in a tuple:

>>> m = b.lookup_variants("heftaranum", "kk", ("NF", "FT"))
>>> m[0].bmynd
'heftararnir'

Finally, we specify a conversion to indefinite form (nogr):

>>> m = b.lookup_variants("heftaranum", "kk", ("NF", "FT", "nogr"))
>>> m[0].bmynd
'heftarar'

Definite form is requested via gr, and indefinite form via nogr.

To see how lookup_variants() handles ambiguous word forms, let's try our old friend mæli again:

>>> b.lookup_variants("mæli", "no", "NF")
[
    <Ksnid: bmynd='mæli', ord/ofl/hluti/bin_id='mæli'/hk/alm/2512, mark=NFET, ksnid='1;;;;K;1;;;'>,
    <Ksnid: bmynd='mæli', ord/ofl/hluti/bin_id='mæli'/hk/alm/2512, mark=NFFT, ksnid='1;;;;K;1;;;'>,
    <Ksnid: bmynd='mælir', ord/ofl/hluti/bin_id='mælir'/kk/alm/4474, mark=NFET, ksnid='1;;;;K;1;;;'>
]

We specified no (noun) as the word class constraint. The result thus contains nominative case forms of two nouns, one neutral (mæli, definite form mælið, with identical singular NFET and plural NFFT form), and one masculine (mælir, definite form mælirinn). If we had specified hk as the word class constraint, we would have gotten back the first two (neutral) entries only; for kk we would have gotten back the third entry (masculine) only.

Let's try modifying a verb from subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur) (e.g., Ég/hún hraðlæsi bókina ef ég hefði tíma til þess) to indicative mood (framsöguháttur), present tense (e.g. Ég/hún hraðles bókina í flugferðinni):

>>> m = b.lookup_variants("hraðlæsi", "so", ("FH", "NT"))
>>> for mm in m: print(f"{mm.ord} | {mm.bmynd} | {mm.mark}")
hraðlesa | hraðles | GM-FH-NT-1P-ET
hraðlesa | hraðles | GM-FH-NT-3P-ET

We get back both the 1st and the 3rd person inflection forms, since they can both be derived from hraðlæsi and we don't constrain the person in our variant specification. If only third person results are desired, we could have specified ("FH", "NT", "3P") in the variant tuple.

Finally, let's describe this functionality in superlative terms:

>>> adj = b.lookup_variants("frábær", "lo", ("EVB", "KVK"))[0].bmynd
>>> f"Þetta er {adj} virknin af öllum"
'Þetta er frábærasta virknin af öllum'

Note how we ask for a superlative weak form (EVB) for a feminine subject (KVK), getting back the adjective frábærasta. We could also ask for the strong form (ESB), and then for the comparative (miðstig, MST):

>>> adj = b.lookup_variants("frábær", "lo", ("ESB", "KVK"))[0].bmynd
>>> f"Þessi virkni er {adj} af öllum"
'Þessi virkni er frábærust af öllum'
>>> adj = b.lookup_variants("frábær", "lo", ("MST", "KVK"))[0].bmynd
>>> f"Þessi virkni er {adj} en allt annað"
'Þessi virkni er frábærari en allt annað'

Finally, for some cool Python code for converting any adjective to the superlative degree (efsta stig):

from islenska import Bin
b = Bin()
def efsta_stig(lo: str, kyn: str, veik_beyging: bool=True) -> str:
    """ Skilar efsta stigi lýsingarorðs, í umbeðnu kyni og beygingu """
    vlist = b.lookup_variants(lo, "lo", (kyn, "EVB" if veik_beyging else "ESB"))
    return vlist[0].bmynd if vlist else ""
print(f"Þetta er {efsta_stig('nýr', 'kvk')} framförin í íslenskri máltækni!")
print(f"Þetta er {efsta_stig('sniðugur', 'hk')} verkfærið!")

This will output:

Þetta er nýjasta framförin í íslenskri máltækni!
Þetta er sniðugasta verkfærið!

lookup_variants() has the following parameters:

Name	Type	Default	Description
w	`str`		The word to use as a base for the lookup
cat	`str`		The word class, used to disambiguate the word. `no` (nafnorð) can be used to match any of `kk`, `kvk` and `hk`.
to_inflection	`Union[str, Tuple[str, ...]]`		One or more requested grammatical features, specified using fragments of the BÍN tag string. As a special case, `nogr` means indefinite form (no `gr`) for nouns. The parameter can be a single string or a tuple of several strings.
lemma	`Optional[str]`	`None`	The lemma of the word, optionally used to further disambiguate it
bin_id	`Optional[int]`	`None`	The id number of the word, optionally used to further disambiguate it
inflection_filter	`Optional[Callable[[str], bool]]`	`None`	A callable taking a single string parameter and returning a `bool`. The `mark` attribute of a potential match will be passed to this function, and only included in the result if the function returns `True`.

The function returns List[Ksnid], i.e. a list of Ksnid instances that match the grammatical features requested in to_inflection. If no such instances exist, an empty list is returned.

`lookup_lemmas()` function

To look up all entries having the given string as a lemma/headword, call the lookup_lemmas function:

>>> b.lookup_lemmas("þyrla")
('þyrla', [
    (ord='þyrla', kvk/alm/16445, bmynd='þyrla', NFET),  # Feminine noun
    (ord='þyrla', so/alm/425096, bmynd='þyrla', GM-NH)  # Verb
])
>>> b.lookup_lemmas("þyrlast")
('þyrlast', [
    (ord='þyrla', so/alm/425096, bmynd='þyrlast', MM-NH)  # Middle voice infinitive
])
>>> b.lookup_lemmas("þyrlan")
('þyrlan', [])

The function returns a Tuple[str, List[BinEntry]] like lookup(), but where the BinEntry list has been filtered to include only lemmas/headwords. This is the reason why b.lookup_lemmas("þyrlan") returns an empty list in the example above - þyrlan does not appear in BÍN as a lemma/headword.

Lemmas/headwords of verbs include the middle voice (miðmynd) of the infinitive, MM-NH, as in the example for þyrlast.

lookup_lemmas() has a single parameter:

Name	Type	Default	Description
lemma	`str`		The word to look up as a lemma/headword.

Implementation

BinPackage is written in Python 3 and requires Python 3.9 or later. It runs on CPython and PyPy.

The Python code calls a small C++ library to speed up lookup of word forms in the compressed binary structure into which BÍN has been encoded. This means that if a pre-compiled Python wheel is not available on PyPI for your platform, you may need a set of development tools installed on your machine, before you install BinPackage using pip:

# The following works on Debian/Ubuntu GNU/Linux
sudo apt-get install python3-dev libffi-dev

BinPackage is fully type-annotated for use with Python static type checkers such as mypy and Pylance / Pyright.

Installation and setup

You must have Python >= 3.9 installed on your machine (CPython or PyPy). If you are using a Python virtual environment (virtualenv), activate it first (substituting your environment name for venv below):

venv/bin/activate

...or, on Windows:

C:\> venv\scripts\activate

Then, install BinPackage from the Python Package Index (PyPI), where the package is called islenska:

pip install islenska

Now, you are ready to import islenska or from islenska import Bin in your Python code.

If you want to install the package in editable source code mode, do as follows:

# Clone the GitHub repository
git clone https://github.com/mideind/BinPackage
cd BinPackage
# Install the package in editable mode
pip install -e .  # Note the dot!
cd src/islenska/resources
# Fetch the newest BÍN data (KRISTINsnid.csv.zip)
# (We remind you that the BÍN data is under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; see below.)
wget -O KRISTINsnid.csv.zip https://bin.arnastofnun.is/django/api/nidurhal/?file=KRISTINsnid.csv.zip
# Unzip the data
unzip -q KRISTINsnid.csv.zip
rm KRISTINsnid.csv.*
cd ../../..
# Run the compressor to generate src/islenska/resources/compressed.bin
python tools/binpack.py
# Run the DAWG builder for the prefix and suffix files
python tools/dawgbuilder.py
# Now you're ready to go

This will clone the GitHub repository into the BinPackage directory and install the package into your Python environment from the source files. Then, the newest BÍN data is fetched via wget from Stofnun Árna Magnússonar and compressed into a binary file. Finally, the Directed Acyclic Word Graph builder is run to create DAWGs for word prefixes and suffixes, used by the compound word algorithm.

File details

The following files are located in the src/islenska directory within BinPackage:

bindb.py: The main Bin class; high-level interfaces into BinPackage.
bincompress.py: The lower-level BinCompressed class, interacting directly with the compressed data in a binary buffer in memory.
basics.py: Basic data structures, such as the BinEntry NamedTuple.
dawgdictionary.py: Classes that handle compound words.
bin.h, bin.cpp: C++ code for fast lookup of word forms, called from Python via CFFI.
tools/binpack.py: A command-line tool that reads vocabulary data in .CSV form and outputs a compressed binary file, compressed.bin.
tools/dawgbuilder.py: A command-line tool that reads information about word prefixes and suffixes and creates corresponding directed acyclic word graph (DAWG) structures for the word compounding logic.
resources/prefixes.txt, resources/suffixes.txt: Text files containing valid Icelandic word prefixes and suffixes, respectively.

Copyright and licensing

BinPackage embeds the vocabulary of the Database of Icelandic Morphology (Beygingarlýsing íslensks nútímamáls), abbreviated BÍN.

The copyright holder for BÍN is The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies. The BÍN data used herein are publicly available for use under the terms of the CC BY-SA 4.0 license, as further detailed here in English and here in Icelandic.

In accordance with the BÍN license terms, credit is hereby given as follows:

Beygingarlýsing íslensks nútímamáls. Stofnun Árna Magnússonar í íslenskum fræðum. Höfundur og ritstjóri Kristín Bjarnadóttir.

Miðeind ehf., the publisher of BinPackage, claims no endorsement, sponsorship, or official status granted to it by the BÍN copyright holder.

BinPackage includes certain program logic, created by Miðeind ehf., that optionally exposes additions and modifications to the original BÍN source data. Such logic is enabled or disabled by user-settable flags, as described in the documentation above.

This software is licensed under the MIT License:

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

If you would like to use this software in ways that are incompatible with the standard MIT license, contact Miðeind ehf. to negotiate custom arrangements.

Acknowledgements

Parts of this software were developed under the auspices of the Icelandic Government's 5-year Language Technology Programme for Icelandic, managed by Almannarómur. The LT Programme is described here (English version here).

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 172 Commits
.github/workflows		.github/workflows
img		img
old		old
src/islenska		src/islenska
test		test
tools		tools
.gitattributes		.gitattributes
.gitignore		.gitignore
LICENSE		LICENSE
MANIFEST.in		MANIFEST.in
README.md		README.md
pyproject.toml		pyproject.toml
setup.py		setup.py

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BinPackage

The basics of BÍN

The Basic Format

The Augmented Format

Word compounding algorithm

Examples

Querying for word forms

Detailed word query

Lemmas and classes

Lookup by BÍN identifier

Grammatical variants

Documentation

`Bin()` constructor

`lookup()` function

`lookup_ksnid()` function

`lookup_id()` function

`lookup_cats()` function

`lookup_lemmas_and_cats()` function

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BinPackage

The basics of BÍN

The Basic Format

The Augmented Format

Word compounding algorithm

Examples

Querying for word forms

Detailed word query

Lemmas and classes

Lookup by BÍN identifier

Grammatical variants

Documentation

Bin() constructor

lookup() function

lookup_ksnid() function

lookup_id() function

lookup_cats() function

lookup_lemmas_and_cats() function

lookup_variants() function

lookup_lemmas() function

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`Bin()` constructor

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