Problem: You want to accept connections on a port number under 1024 on OS X, but you don't want your server to run as root.

Solution: Run your server with launch_socket_server.

launch_socket_server sits in between launchd(8) and your server, using the system's APIs to proxy incoming connections from a privileged port to your unprivileged program.

It uses the launch_activate_socket API, available on OS X 10.9 and higher.

launch_socket_server can proxy incoming connections to a Unix domain socket or to a local TCP port. By default, launch_socket_server generates the path to a domain socket and passes that path to your program in an environment variable.

To run your server with launch_socket_server, begin by creating a launch daemon.

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Creating and configuring a conventional launch daemon

The following configuration sets up launchd to listen on port 80. launch_socket_server activates the port, runs your server program, and proxies requests to it via a UNIX domain socket. Your server is responsible for reading the path to the domain socket from the LAUNCH_PROGRAM_SOCKET_PATH environment variable and accepting connections on that socket.

1. Pick an identifier for your server. By convention, launch daemon identifiers start with the components of a domain name you control, in reverse order, followed by the name of your server. For this example, we will use an identifier of com.example.myserver.

2. Create an XML plist file at /Library/LaunchDaemons/<identifier>.plist, replacing identifier in the pathname with your server's identifier.

3. In the plist file, specify your server's identifier, tell it to execute when loaded, and request that launchd keeps it running.

   <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
   <!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
   <plist version="1.0">
   <dict>
       <key>Label</key>
       <string>com.example.myserver</string>
       <key>RunAtLoad</key>
       <true/>
       <key>KeepAlive</key>
       <true/>

4. Specify the user and group you want to use to run your server program.

       <key>UserName</key>
       <string>sam</string>
       <key>GroupName</key>
       <string>staff</string>

5. Tell launchd where to redirect your server program's stdout and stderr. (Optional, but recommended.)

       <key>StandardOutPath</key>
       <string>/usr/local/var/log/myserver.log</string>
       <key>StandardErrorPath</key>
       <string>/usr/local/var/log/myserver.log</string>

6. Specify the path to the launch_socket_server executable, your server program, and any arguments you wish to pass to your server.

       <key>ProgramArguments</key>
       <array>
           <!-- path to launch_socket_server -->
           <string>/usr/local/sbin/launch_socket_server</string>
           <!-- path to your server program, and any arguments you wish to pass -->
           <string>/usr/local/bin/myserver</string>
           <string>argument1</string>
           <string>argument2</string>
       </array>

7. Define a launch daemon socket with the address and port you want to listen on. (Note: The SockServiceName value may be a port number, or the name of any service defined in /etc/services.)

       <key>Sockets</key>
       <dict>
           <key>Socket</key>
           <dict>
               <key>SockNodeName</key>
               <string>0.0.0.0</string>
               <key>SockServiceName</key>
               <string>80</string>
           </dict>
       </dict>
   </dict>
   </plist>

Configuring your server to run with launch_socket_server

Update your server's configuration to bind to the UNIX domain socket specified in the LAUNCH_PROGRAM_SOCKET_PATH environment variable, if it is set. Your server must unlink the socket before binding if the socket already exists, and should unlink the socket when the program terminates.

For more information on using domain sockets, please see the documentation for your programming environment.

Note: Your server program must run in the foreground, not forked as a background process.

Manually specifying the path to the domain socket

If you wish to specify the path to the domain socket shared by launch_socket_server and your program, you may set the LAUNCH_PROGRAM_SOCKET_PATH environment variable in the launch daemon plist file.

    <key>EnvironmentVariables</key>
    <dict>
        <key>LAUNCH_PROGRAM_SOCKET_PATH</key>
        <string>/tmp/myserver.sock</string>
    </dict>

Proxying to a TCP address instead of a domain socket

If you wish to proxy requests to a local TCP address on an unprivileged port, you may set the LAUNCH_PROGRAM_TCP_ADDRESS environment variable in the launch daemon plist file. The value must be the destination address and port separated by a colon.

    <key>EnvironmentVariables</key>
    <dict>
        <key>LAUNCH_PROGRAM_TCP_ADDRESS</key>
        <string>127.0.0.1:8000</string>
    </dict>

Proxying without running a server program

You may wish to proxy requests to a domain socket or TCP address without having launch_socket_server run your server program. To do this, first set either LAUNCH_PROGRAM_SOCKET_PATH or LAUNCH_PROGRAM_TCP_ADDRESS as described above, and then specify a - in place of the server program path.

    <key>ProgramArguments</key>
    <array>
        <string>/usr/local/sbin/launch_socket_server</string>
        <string>-</string>
    </array>

Running your server program with the user's login environment

Your server program will run with a minimal environment. If your program relies on certain environment variables (such as PATH) being set by the user's shell profile, you may first pass your program through the login_wrapper helper, which re-executes your program through the user's login shell.

    <key>ProgramArguments</key>
    <array>
        <!-- path to launch_socket_server -->
        <string>/usr/local/sbin/launch_socket_server</string>
        <!-- path to login_wrapper -->
        <string>/usr/local/libexec/launch_socket_server/login_wrapper</string>
        <!-- path to your server program, and any arguments you wish to pass -->
        <string>/usr/local/bin/myserver</string>
        <string>argument1</string>
        <string>argument2</string>
    </array>

Registering your launch daemon with launchd

To register and load your launch daemon, use the launchctl load command as root:

$ sudo launchctl load -Fw /Library/LaunchDaemons/com.example.myserver.plist

To unload your launch daemon, use the launchctl unload command as root:

$ sudo launchctl unload -Fw /Library/LaunchDaemons/com.example.myserver.plist

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Building and installing launch_socket_server

To build launch_socket_server from source, first install Go, then run the make command inside a copy of the source tree. (You can install Go using Homebrew.)

$ brew install go
$ make

To install into /usr/local, run make install.

$ make install

Set the PREFIX environment variable to install into a different location.

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Copyright © 2014 Sam Stephenson <sstephenson@gmail.com> Current fork maintained by Misty De Méo.

Freely distributable under the MIT license