DOCS-#2437: Add documentation contrasting Modin and Dask (#2441)

* Resolves #2437

Signed-off-by: Devin Petersohn <devin.petersohn@gmail.com>

docs/comparisons/dask.rst

@@ -1,4 +1,90 @@
 Modin vs. Dask Dataframe
 ========================
 
-Coming Soon...
+Dask's Dataframe is effectively a meta-frame, partitioning and scheduling many smaller
+``pandas.DataFrame`` objects. The Dask DataFrame does not implement the entire pandas
+API, and it isn't trying to. See this explained in the `Dask DataFrame documentation`_.
+
+**The TL;DR is that Modin's API is identical to pandas, whereas Dask's is not. Note: The
+projects are fundamentally different in their aims, so a fair comparison is
+challenging.**
+
+API
+---
+The API of Modin and Dask are different in several ways, explained here.
+
+Dask DataFrame
+""""""""""""""
+
+Dask is currently missing multiple APIs from pandas that Modin has implemented. Of note:
+Dask does not implement ``iloc``, ``MultiIndex``, ``apply(axis=0)``, ``quantile``,
+``median``, and more. Some of these APIs cannot be implemented efficiently or at all
+given the architecture design tradeoffs made in Dask's implementation, and others simply
+require engineering effort. ``iloc``, for example, can be implemented, but it would be
+inefficient, and ``apply(axis=0)`` cannot be implemented at all in Dask's architecture.
+
+Dask DataFrames API is also different from the pandas API in that it is lazy and needs
+``.compute()`` calls to materialize the DataFrame. This makes the API less convenient
+but allows Dask to do certain query optimizations/rearrangement, which can give speedups
+in certain situations. Several additional APIs exist in the Dask DataFrame API that
+expose internal state about how the data is chunked and other data layout details, and
+ways to manipulate that state.
+
+Semantically, Dask sorts the ``index``, which does not allow for user-specified order.
+In Dask's case, this was done for optimization purposes, to speed up other computations
+which involve the row index.
+
+Modin
+"""""
+
+Modin is targeted toward parallelizing the entire pandas API, without exception.
+As the pandas API continues to evolve, so will Modin's pandas API. Modin is intended to
+be used as a drop-in replacement for pandas, such that even if the API is not yet
+parallelized, it still works by falling back to running pandas. One of the key features
+of being a drop-in replacement is that not only will it work for existing code, if a
+user wishing to go back to running pandas directly, they may at no cost. There's no
+lock-in: Modin notebooks can be converted to and from pandas as the user prefers.
+
+In the long-term, Modin is planned to become a data science framework that supports all
+popular APIs (SQL, pandas, etc.) with the same underlying execution.
+
+Architecture
+------------
+
+The differences in Modin and Dask's architectures are explained in this section.
+
+Dask DataFrame
+""""""""""""""
+
+Dask DataFrame uses row-based partitioning, similar to Spark. This can be seen in their
+`documentation`_. They also have a custom index object for indexing into the object,
+which is not pandas compatible. Dask DataFrame seems to treat operations on the
+DataFrame as MapReduce operations, which is a good paradigm for the subset of the pandas
+API they have chosen to implement, but makes certain operations impossible. Dask
+Dataframe is also lazy and places a lot of partitioning responsibility on the user.
+
+Modin
+"""""
+
+Modin's partition is much more flexible, so the system can scale in both directions and
+have finer grained partitioning. This is explained at a high level in `Modin's
+documentation`_. Because we have this finer grained control over the partitioning, we
+can support a number of operations that are very challenging in MapReduce systems (e.g.
+transpose, median, quantile). This flexibility in partitioning also gives Modin
+tremendous power to implement efficient straggler mitigation and improvements in
+utilization over the entire cluster.
+
+Modin is also architected to run on a variety of systems. The goal here is that users
+can take the same notebook to different clusters or different environments and it will
+still just work, run on what you have! Modin does support running on Dask's compute
+engine in addition to Ray. The architecture of Modin is extremely modular, we are able
+to add different execution engines or compile to different memory formats because of
+this modularity. Modin can run on a Dask cluster in the same way that Dask Dataframe
+can, but they will still be different in all of the ways described above.
+
+Modin's implementation is grounded in theory, which is what enables us to implement the
+entire pandas API.
+
+.. _Dask DataFrame documentation: http://docs.dask.org/en/latest/dataframe.html#common-uses-and-anti-uses
+.. _documentation: http://docs.dask.org/en/latest/dataframe.html#design.
+.. _Modin's documentation: https://modin.readthedocs.io/en/latest/developer/architecture.html