Significant progress has been made in building generalist robot manipulation policies, yet their scalable and reproducible evaluation remains challenging, as real-world evaluation is operationally expensive and inefficient. We propose employing physical simulators as efficient, scalable, and informative complements to real-world evaluations. These simulation evaluations offer valuable quantitative metrics for checkpoint selection, insights into potential real-world policy behaviors or failure modes, and standardized setups to enhance reproducibility.
This repository is based in the SAPIEN simulator and the ManiSkill2 benchmark (we will also integrate the evaluation envs into ManiSkill3 once it is complete).
This repository encompasses 2 real-to-sim evaluation setups:
Visual Matchingevaluation: Matching real & sim visual appearances for policy evaluation by overlaying real-world images onto simulation backgrounds and adjusting foreground object and robot textures in simulation.Variant Aggregationevaluation: creating different sim environment variants (e.g., different backgrounds, lightings, distractors, table textures, etc) and averaging their results.
We hope that our work guides and inspires future real-to-sim evaluation efforts.
- SimplerEnv: Simulated Manipulation Policy Evaluation Environments for Real Robot Setups
Follow the Installation section to install the minimal requirements for our environments. Then you can run the following minimal inference script with interactive python. The scripts creates prepackaged environments for our visual matching evaluation setup.
import simpler_env
from simpler_env.utils.env.observation_utils import get_image_from_maniskill2_obs_dict
env = simpler_env.make('google_robot_pick_coke_can')
obs, reset_info = env.reset()
instruction = env.get_language_instruction()
print("Reset info", reset_info)
print("Instruction", instruction)
done, truncated = False, False
while not (done or truncated):
# action[:3]: delta xyz; action[3:6]: delta rotation in axis-angle representation;
# action[6:7]: gripper (the meaning of open / close depends on robot URDF)
image = get_image_from_maniskill2_obs_dict(env, obs)
action = env.action_space.sample() # replace this with your policy inference
obs, reward, done, truncated, info = env.step(action) # for long horizon tasks, you can call env.advance_to_next_subtask() to advance to the next subtask; the environment might also autoadvance if env._elapsed_steps is larger than a threshold
new_instruction = env.get_language_instruction()
if new_instruction != instruction:
# for long horizon tasks, we get a new instruction when robot proceeds to the next subtask
instruction = new_instruction
print("New Instruction", instruction)
episode_stats = info.get('episode_stats', {})
print("Episode stats", episode_stats)Additionally, you can play with our environments in an interactive manner through ManiSkill2_real2sim/mani_skill2_real2sim/examples/demo_manual_control_custom_envs.py. See the script for more details and commands.
Prerequisites:
- CUDA version >=11.8 (this is required if you want to perform a full installation of this repo and perform RT-1 or Octo inference)
- An NVIDIA GPU (ideally RTX; for non-RTX GPUs, such as 1080Ti and A100, environments that involve ray tracing will be slow). Currently TPU is not supported as SAPIEN requires a GPU to run.
Create an anaconda environment:
conda create -n simpler_env python=3.10 (any version above 3.10 should be fine)
conda activate simpler_env
Clone this repo:
git clone https://github.com/simpler-env/SimplerEnv --recurse-submodules
Install numpy<2.0 (otherwise errors in IK might occur in pinocchio):
pip install numpy==1.24.4
Install ManiSkill2 real-to-sim environments and their dependencies:
cd {this_repo}/ManiSkill2_real2sim
pip install -e .
Install this package:
cd {this_repo}
pip install -e .
If you'd like to perform evaluations on our provided agents (e.g., RT-1, Octo), or add new robots and environments, please additionally follow the full installation instructions here.
- Simple RT-1 and Octo evaluation script on prepackaged environments with visual matching evaluation setup: see
simpler_env/simple_inference_visual_matching_prepackaged_envs.py. - Colab notebook for RT-1 and Octo inference: see this link.
- Environment interactive visualization and manual control: see
ManiSkill2_real2sim/mani_skill2_real2sim/examples/demo_manual_control_custom_envs.py - Policy inference scripts to reproduce our Google Robot and WidowX real-to-sim evaluation results with sweeps over object / robot poses and advanced loggings. These contain both visual matching and variant aggregation evaluation setups along with RT-1, RT-1-X, and Octo policies. See
scripts/. - Real-to-sim evaluation videos from running
scripts/*.sh: see this link.
To get a list of all available environments, run:
import simpler_env
print(simpler_env.ENVIRONMENTS)
| Task Name | ManiSkill2 Env Name | Image (Visual Matching) |
|---|---|---|
| google_robot_pick_coke_can | GraspSingleOpenedCokeCanInScene-v0 |  |
| google_robot_pick_object | GraspSingleRandomObjectInScene-v0 |  |
| google_robot_move_near | MoveNearGoogleBakedTexInScene-v1 |  |
| google_robot_open_drawer | OpenDrawerCustomInScene-v0 |  |
| google_robot_close_drawer | CloseDrawerCustomInScene-v0 |  |
| google_robot_place_in_closed_drawer | PlaceIntoClosedDrawerCustomInScene-v0 |  |
| widowx_spoon_on_towel | PutSpoonOnTableClothInScene-v0 |  |
| widowx_carrot_on_plate | PutCarrotOnPlateInScene-v0 |  |
| widowx_stack_cube | StackGreenCubeOnYellowCubeBakedTexInScene-v0 |  |
| widowx_put_eggplant_in_basket | PutEggplantInBasketScene-v0 |  |
We also support creating sub-tasks variations such as google_robot_pick_{horizontal/vertical/standing}_coke_can, google_robot_open_{top/middle/bottom}_drawer, and google_robot_close_{top/middle/bottom}_drawer. For the google_robot_place_in_closed_drawer task, we use the google_robot_place_apple_in_closed_top_drawer subtask for paper evaluations.
By default, Google Robot environments use a control frequency of 3hz, and Bridge environments use a control frequency of 5hz. Simulation frequency is ~500hz.
We make it easy to compare your offline robot policy evaluation approach to SIMPLER. In our paper, we use two metrics to measure the quality of simulated evaluation pipelines: Mean Maximum Rank Violation (MMRV) and the Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Both capture how well the offline evaluations reflect the policy's real-world performance and behaviors during robot rollouts.
To make comparisons easy, we provide our real and SIMPLER evaluation performance for all policies on all tasks. We also provide the corresponding functions for computing the aforementioned metrics we report in the paper.
To compute the corresponding metrics for your offline policy evaluation approach your_sim_eval(task, policy), you can use the following snippet:
from simpler_env.utils.metrics import mean_maximum_rank_violation, pearson_correlation, REAL_PERF
sim_eval_perf = [
your_sim_eval(task="google_robot_move_near", policy=p)
for p in ["rt-1-x", "octo", ...]
]
real_eval_perf = [
REAL_PERF["google_robot_move_near"][p] for p in ["rt-1-x", "octo", ...]
]
mmrv = mean_maximum_rank_violation(real_eval_perf, sim_eval_perf)
pearson = pearson_correlation(real_eval_perf, sim_eval_perf)
To reproduce the key numbers from our paper for SIMPLER, you can run the tools/calc_metrics.py script:
python3 tools/calc_metrics.py
ManiSkill2_real2sim/: the ManiSkill2 real-to-sim environment codebase, which contains the environments, robots, and objects for real-to-sim evaluation.
data/
custom/: custom object assets (e.g., coke can, cabinet) and their infos
hab2_bench_assets/: custom scene assets
real_inpainting/: real-world inpainting images for visual matching evaluation
debug/: debugging assets
mani_skill2_real2sim/
agents/: robot agents, configs, and controller implementations
assets/: robot assets such as URDF and meshes
envs/: environments
examples/demo_manual_control_custom_envs.py: interactive script for environment visualization and manual
utils/
...
simpler_env/
evaluation/: real-to-sim evaluator with advanced environment building and logging
argparse.py: argument parser supporting custom policy and environment building
maniskill2_evaluator.py: evaluator that supports environment parameter sweeps and advanced logging
policies/: policy implementations
rt1/: RT-1 policy implementation
octo/: Octo policy implementation
utils/:
env/: environment building and observation utilities
debug/: debugging tools for policies and robots
...
main_inference.py: main inference script, taking in args from evaluation.argparse and calling evaluation.maniskill2_evaluator
simple_inference_visual_matching_prepackaged_envs.py: an independent simple inference script on prepackaged environments, doesn't depend on evaluation/*
tools/
robot_object_visualization/: tools for visualizing robots and objects when creating new environments
sysid/: tools for system identification when adding new robots
calc_metrics.py: tools for summarizing eval results and calculating metrics, such as Mean Maximum Rank Violation (MMRV) and Pearson Correlation
coacd_process_mesh.py: tools for generating convex collision meshes through CoACD when adding new assets
merge_videos.py: tools for merging videos into one
...
scripts/: example bash scripts for policy inference under our variant aggregation / visual matching evaluation setup,
with custom environment building and advanced logging; also useful for reproducing our evaluation results
...
If you want to use existing environments for evaluating new policies, you can keep ./ManiSkill2_real2sim as is.
- Implement new policy inference scripts in
simpler_env/policies/{your_new_policy}, following the examples for RT-1 (simpler_env/policies/rt1) and Octo (simpler_env/policies/octo) policies. - You can now use
simpler_env/simple_inference_visual_matching_prepackaged_envs.pyto perform policy evaluations in simulation.- If the policy behaviors deviate a lot from those in the real-world, you can write similar scripts as in
simpler_env/utils/debug/{policy_name}_inference_real_video.pyto debug the policy behaviors. The debugging script performs policy inference by feeding real eval video frames into the policy. If the policy behavior still deviates significantly from real, this may suggest that policy actions are processed incorrectly into the simulation environments. Please double check action orderings and action spaces.
- If the policy behaviors deviate a lot from those in the real-world, you can write similar scripts as in
- If you'd like to perform customized evaluations,
- Modify a few lines in
simpler_env/main_inference.pyto support your new policies. - Add policy inference scripts in
scripts/with customized configs. - Optionally, modify the scripts in
tools/calc_metrics.pyto calculate the real-to-sim evaluation metrics for your new policies.
- Modify a few lines in
We provide a step-by-step guide to add new real-to-sim evaluation environments and robots in this README
If you'd like to perform evaluations on our provided agents (e.g., RT-1, Octo), or add new robots and environments, please follow the full installation instructions below.
sudo apt install ffmpeg
pip install tensorflow==2.15.0
pip install -r requirements_full_install.txt
pip install tensorflow[and-cuda]==2.15.1 # tensorflow gpu support
Install simulated annealing utils for system identification:
pip install git+https://github.com/nathanrooy/simulated-annealing
Download RT-1 Checkpoint:
# First, install gsutil following https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/gsutil_install
# Make a checkpoint dir:
mkdir {this_repo}/checkpoints
# RT-1-X
cd {this_repo}
gsutil -m cp -r gs://gdm-robotics-open-x-embodiment/open_x_embodiment_and_rt_x_oss/rt_1_x_tf_trained_for_002272480_step.zip .
unzip rt_1_x_tf_trained_for_002272480_step.zip
mv rt_1_x_tf_trained_for_002272480_step checkpoints
rm rt_1_x_tf_trained_for_002272480_step.zip
# RT-1-Converged
cd {this_repo}
gsutil -m cp -r gs://gdm-robotics-open-x-embodiment/open_x_embodiment_and_rt_x_oss/rt_1_tf_trained_for_000400120 .
mv rt_1_tf_trained_for_000400120 checkpoints
# RT-1-15%
cd {this_repo}
gsutil -m cp -r gs://gdm-robotics-open-x-embodiment/open_x_embodiment_and_rt_x_oss/rt_1_tf_trained_for_000058240 .
mv rt_1_tf_trained_for_000058240 checkpoints
# RT-1-Begin
cd {this_repo}
gsutil -m cp -r gs://gdm-robotics-open-x-embodiment/open_x_embodiment_and_rt_x_oss/rt_1_tf_trained_for_000001120 .
mv rt_1_tf_trained_for_000001120 checkpoints
Install Octo:
pip install --upgrade "jax[cuda11_pip]==0.4.20" -f https://storage.googleapis.com/jax-releases/jax_cuda_releases.html # or jax[cuda12_pip] if you have CUDA 12
cd {this_repo}
git clone https://github.com/octo-models/octo/
cd octo
git checkout 653c54acde686fde619855f2eac0dd6edad7116b # we use octo-1.0
pip install -e .
# You don't need to run "pip install -r requirements.txt" inside the octo repo; the package dependencies are already handled in the simpler_env repo
# Octo checkpoints are managed by huggingface, so you don't need to download them manually.
If you are using CUDA 12, then to use GPU for Octo inference, you need CUDA version >= 12.2 to satisfy the requirement of Jax; in this case, you can perform a runfile install of the corresponding CUDA (e.g., version 12.3), then set the environment variables whenever you run Octo inference scripts:
PATH=/usr/local/cuda-12.3/bin:$PATH LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-12.3/lib64:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH bash scripts/octo_xxx_script.sh
- If you encounter issues such as
RuntimeError: vk::Instance::enumeratePhysicalDevices: ErrorInitializationFailed
Some required Vulkan extension is not present. You may not use the renderer to render, however, CPU resources will be still available.
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
Follow this link to troubleshoot the issue. (Even though the doc points to SAPIEN 3 and ManiSkill3, the troubleshooting section still applies to the current environments that use SAPIEN 2.2 and ManiSkill2).
- You can ignore the following error if it is caused by tensorflow's internal code. Sometimes this error will occur when running the inference or debugging scripts.
TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not subscriptable
If you find our ideas / environments helpful, please cite our work at
@article{li24simpler,
title={Evaluating Real-World Robot Manipulation Policies in Simulation},
author={Xuanlin Li and Kyle Hsu and Jiayuan Gu and Karl Pertsch and Oier Mees and Homer Rich Walke and Chuyuan Fu and Ishikaa Lunawat and Isabel Sieh and Sean Kirmani and Sergey Levine and Jiajun Wu and Chelsea Finn and Hao Su and Quan Vuong and Ted Xiao},
journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.05941},
year={2024}
}