avl_array is a templated C++ (STL map like) container class that stores key-value data organzied as AVL-tree in a fixed size array.
For an embedded project I needed a high-performance key-value store in static memory with the fastest key retrieval time I could get.
Normally a std::map container with a static custom allocator is taken, but std::map pulls a lot of unwanted stuff and dependencies into the project while its performance is rather average.
That being said, motivation of this container is to insert, update, delete and find random key-value elements in static allocated memory with highest performance and in a minimum of time.
It might also be the base class for an associative array container.
std::maplike templated container class with increment iterator support- Ultra fast, maximum performance, minimum footprint and no dependencies (compared to
std::map) - Static allocated memory (as template parameter)
- NO recursive calls
- Small memory overhead (arround 5 byte per node in slow-mode)
- VERY clean and stable C++ code, LINT and L4 warning free, automotive ready
- Optimized for embedded system usage
- Very easy to use, just include "avl_array.h"
- Extensive test suite
- Doxygen commented code
- MIT license
| Container | Operation | Worst Case Cost | add. memory overhead |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unsorted Array | insert / delete | O(n) | none |
| find / update | O(n) | ||
| Sorted Array | insert / delete | O(n log n) (via Heapsort) | none |
| find / update | O(log n) | ||
| AVL Array | insert /delete | O(log n) | min. 5 byte / element |
| find / update | O(log n) |
In computer science, an AVL tree is a self-balancing binary search tree with a primary rule: the height of two childrens's subtrees of any node differ at most by one. At no time they differ by more than one because rebalancing is done to ensure this rule.
Lookup, insertion and deletion take O(log n) time in both the average and worst case, where n is the number of nodes in the tree prior to the operation.
Insertions and deletions may require the tree to be rebalanced by one or more tree rotations.
Other trees like Red-black trees may not guarantee O(log n) in worst case search.
There are a lot of AVL implementations around the internet which are pointer based, so that every node element has to store additional pointers to its parent, left and right child nodes.
Advantage of this method is slightly fast rebalancing/rotation because only some pointers need to be exchanged and the node values remain in place.
Disadvantage is the storage overhead of three additional pointers for each node. If memory is an issue (like in small embedded systems), this might be a problem.
The alternative idea is to implement the AVL tree as pure array without any pointers, using an over 400 years old implementation technique called Eytzinger's method ("Ahnentafel" in German) which allows to represent a complete binary tree as an array. This is done by laying out the nodes of the tree in breadth-first order in the array. Having this said, the root is stored at position 0, the root's left child is stored at position 1, the root's right child at position 2, the left child of the left child of the root is stored at position 3 and so on. Related nodes are accessed by the following calculation:
| Element | Access |
|---|---|
| parent | (i - 1) / 2 |
| left | 2 * i + 1 |
| right | 2 * i + 2 |
You can find a basic implementation of this method from @willemt here, but it seems to have several bugs and my test cases did not pass at all.
So I implemented an own class which looked very promising... regarding the memory layout.
BUT: Problem is the movement of nodes in balancing operations after each insert or delete. With increasing tree size a lot of nodes (values) need to be moved around in the array.
Recursive function calls (which can be eliminated of course) and out of tree insertions, which occur when the last tree row is used, are another problem.
After some tests it became very clear that this method is weak and complicated when inserting new nodes in a big tree.
Goal is to leave all the nodes in place once they are inserted. This can only be achieved by - you already know - changing pointer/index values.
My implementation of the AVL tree class here is inspired by a blog of Keith Woods and his high speed implementation in C#. But instead of dynamic memory it uses a fixed array to store nodes and just two additional child indexes using the template given index type.
So there's a storage overhead of (2 * sizeof(size_type) + balance_byte) * Size, e.g. (2 * 2 byte + 1) * 1023 = 5115 bytes for a 1023 node tree.
Using the AVL array container is pretty simple. Most functions are very similar to the standard std::map container.
#include <avl_array.h>
// create a 2048 node tree with <int> as key and value types and <std::uint16_t> as size type in 'Fast' mode
avl_array<int, int, std::uint16_t, 2048, true> avl;
// insert
avl.insert(1, 1); // set value of key 1 to 1
avl.insert(2, 2); // set value of key 2 to 2
avl.insert(3, 3); // set value of key 3 to 3
// update
avl.insert(2, 4); // update value of key 2 to 4
// find
int val = *avl.find(2); // as iterator (returns 4)
bool res = avl.find(1, val); // as data type (returns 1)
// using an iterator to access the values of the according keys in ascending key order
// output is: 1 4 3
for (auto it = avl.begin(); it != avl.end(); ++it) {
std::cout << *it << " ";
}
// erase
avl.erase(2); // erase key 2This class has two compile time selectable modes as template parameter Fast (default is true).
| Fast | Description |
|---|---|
| true | Usage of an addional parent index. This consumes Size * sizeof(size_type) bytes of additional memory but increases the speed of insert and delete operations by factor 10. |
| false | A parent node search algorithm is used. This is slower for insert and delete operations, but the internal parent index is omitted. Use this mode if memory is critical and insert/delete performance is not a big issue. |
Search (find) speed is not affected by Fast and is always O(log n) fast.
The erase() function invalidates any iterators!
After erasing a node, an iterator must be initialized again (e.g. via the begin() or find() function).
For testing just compile, build and run the test suite located in test/test_suite.cpp. This uses the catch framework for unit-tests, which is auto-adding main().
- The vic library uses avl_array as sprite/background pixel buffer for fast sprite rendering.
- Create an issue and describe your idea
- Fork it
- Create your feature branch (
git checkout -b my-new-feature) - Commit your changes (
git commit -am 'Add some feature') - Publish the branch (
git push origin my-new-feature) - Create a new pull request
- Profit! ✅
- Please report any issues.
avl_array is written under the MIT license.