This Python module for micropython provides support for decimal floating point arithmetic. It tries to overcome the limitations of single precision float numbers (32-bit) and provides a solution when double precision float numbers (64 bit) are not enough.
The Python Standard Library contains the wonderful module decimal, but it has not been ported to micropython. This module provides a small, but valuable, part of the functionality of decimal.
The module mpy_decimal defines the class DecimalNumber that contains all the functionality for decimal floating point arithmetic. A DecimalNumber can be of arbitrary precision. Internally, it is composed of an int that contains all the digits of the DecimalNumber, an int equal to the number of decimal places and a bool that determines whether the DecimalNumber is positive or negative. Example:
DecimalNumber: -12345678901.23456789
number = 1234567890123456789
decimals = 8
positive = False
The precision of DecimalNumber is mainly limited by available memory and procesing power. DecimalNumber uses the concept scale, which is the number of decimal places that the class uses for its numbers and operations. The concept is similar to the use of 'scale' in the calculator and language bc. The default value for scale is 16. It is a global value of the class that can be changed at any time. For rounding, DecimalNumber uses round half to even.
All the internal operations of DecimalNumber are done with integers (int built-in type of Python) and the number of decimals are adjusted according to the operation. It is fast, but not as fast as Python's decimal class because DecimalNumber is pure Python and decimal is written in C. The test folder contains the file "perf_decimal_number.py" that calculates the performance of DecimalNumber on the device where it runs. This is the output of that program executed on a Raspberry Pi Pico. Basic operations take about one millisecond with scale = 16:
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| SYSTEM INFORMATION |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
Implementation name: micropython
Implementation version: 1.17.0
Implementation platform: rp2
CPU frequency: 125 Mhz
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| PERFORMANCE WITH SCALE = 16 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
Scale (max. decimals): 16
Iterations per test: 1000
Number 1: 63107666423864.1503618336011148
Number 2: 21513455188640.8462728528253754
Addition (n1 + n2): 1.564 ms
Subtraction (n1 - n2): 1.695 ms
Multiplication (n1 * n2): 0.988 ms
Division (n1 / n2): 1.184 ms
Square root abs(n1): 3.984 ms
Power: (pi/2) ** 15 9.799 ms
DecimalNumber from int: 0.378 ms
DecimalNumber from string: 3.685 ms
Iterations per test: 10
Sine: sin(0.54321) 85.80001 ms
Cosine: cos(0.54321) 86.7 ms
Tangent: tan(0.54321) 206.7 ms
Arcsine: asin(0.54321) 270.2 ms
Arccosine: acos(0.65432) 468.8 ms
Arctangent: atan(1.2345) 485.5 ms
Arctangent2: atan2(1.23, 2.34) 349.2 ms
Exponential: exp(12.345) 151.0 ms
Natural logarithm: ln(12.345) 152.0 ms
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| PERFORMANCE WITH SCALE = 50 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
Scale (max. decimals): 50
Iterations per test: 400
Number 1: 1008440840554324243744283306032711702.13787157234850455642441824006520576852374144010113
Number 2: -603053031456028063831871487068.81514266625502376325215658564112814751837118860547
Addition (n1 + n2): 1.9575 ms
Subtraction (n1 - n2): 2.25 ms
Multiplication (n1 * n2): 1.4625 ms
Division (n1 / n2): 1.52 ms
Square root abs(n1): 12.455 ms
Power: (pi/2) ** 15 11.7425 ms
DecimalNumber from int: 0.385 ms
DecimalNumber from string: 10.055 ms
Iterations per test: 4
Sine: sin(0.54321) 186.25 ms
Cosine: cos(0.54321) 184.5 ms
Tangent: tan(0.54321) 398.75 ms
Arcsine: asin(0.54321) 831.25 ms
Arccosine: acos(0.65432) 1322.25 ms
Arctangent: atan(1.2345) 1377.75 ms
Arctangent2: atan2(1.23, 2.34) 893.4999 ms
Exponential: exp(12.345) 281.75 ms
Natural logarithm: ln(12.345) 281.75 ms
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| CALCULATING PI |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
Pi with 300 decimals: 5.862 s
3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592307816406286208998628034825342117067982148086513282306647093844609550582231725359408128481117450284102701938521105559644622948954930381964428810975665933446128475648233786783165271201909145648566923460348610454326648213393607260249141274
To test this module on a PC, you can start by importing the module:
from mpy_decimal.mpy_decimal import *For testing on a Micropython board, you have probably copied the file 'mpy_decimal.py' to the board or a compiled version of it: 'mpy_decimal.mpy'. There is a guide that explains how to compile this module and how to copy it to a device at the end of this document. You can import the module with:
from mpy_decimal import *If you need your code to run on both, a computer and a micropython board, you will probably need to run different code depending on the device. You can do it this way:
import sys
if sys.implementation.name == "cpython":
# ... your imports or other code for CPython here ...
if sys.implementation.name == "micropython":
# ... your imports or other code for Micropython here ...(Note: 'sys' is standard Python and it has nothing to do with DecimalNumber)
A DecimalNumber with default value, equal to zero:
n = DecimalNumber()An integer, for example, 748:
n = DecimalNumber(748)A decimal number, for example, 93402.5184:
n = DecimalNumber(934025184, 4)Notice that the first parameter is an integer with all the digits and the second one the number of decimals.
The same number can be created providing a string with the number:
n = DecimalNumber("93402.5184")Numbers can be printed using 'print()':
print(n)
# Result: 93402.5184They can be converted to a string using 'str()':
str(n)The method to_string_thousands() of DecimalNumber returns a string with the number formatted with ',' as thousands separator. Decimals figures are not modified:
print(n.to_string_thousands())
# Result: 93,402.5184Micropython can be used to print information on displays with a limited number of characters. For example, on a 16x2 LCD (two lines of 16 characters). For these kind of cases exists the method to_string_max_length(). It limits the representation of the number to a maximum length of characters, including '.' and '-'. The minimum value is 8. If decimals cannot fit in, they are discarded. If the integer part of the number is bigger than the maximum length, the result is the string "Overflow". Some examples:
n = DecimalNumber("123456789.012")
# ¹¹¹¹
# ¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹⁰¹²³
print(n.to_string_max_length(12))
# Result: 123456789.01
print(n.to_string_max_length(11))
# Result: 123456789
print(n.to_string_max_length(8))
# Result: Overflowscale is a global value of the class DecimalNumber that stores the number of decimals that the class uses for its numbers an operations. The default value is 16. DecimalNumber.get_scale() returns the current scale and the method DecimalNumber.set_scale() sets scale:
current_scale = DecimalNumber.get_scale() # Gets the scale
DecimalNumber.set_scale(100) # Sets the scale to 100
# ... Code to calculate something using the new scale
DecimalNumber.set_scale(current_scale) # Back to the previous scale Basic operations
The basic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) allow to mix DecimalNumber objects and int objects. The result is always a DecimalNumber. Examples:
a = DecimalNumber("7.3329")
b = DecimalNumber("157.82")
# Addition
c = a + b # DecimalNumber + DecimalNumber
c = a + 5 # DecimalNumber + int
c = 5 + a # int + DecimalNumber
a += b # DecimalNumber + DecimalNumber
a += 3 # DecimalNumber + int
# Subtraction
c = a - b # DecimalNumber - DecimalNumber
c = a - 5 # DecimalNumber - int
c = 5 - a # int - DecimalNumber
a -= b # DecimalNumber - DecimalNumber
a -= 3 # DecimalNumber - int
# Multiplication
c = a * b # DecimalNumber * DecimalNumber
c = a * 5 # DecimalNumber * int
c = 5 * a # int * DecimalNumber
a *= b # DecimalNumber * DecimalNumber
a *= 3 # DecimalNumber * int
# Division
c = a / b # DecimalNumber / DecimalNumber
c = a / 5 # DecimalNumber / int
c = 5 / a # int / DecimalNumber
a /= b # DecimalNumber / DecimalNumber
a /= 3 # DecimalNumber / intExponentiation
The operands for exponentition are a DecimalNumber, the base, and an int, the exponent. It calculates the base raised to the exponent. Examples:
a = DecimalNumber("1.01234567")
b = a ** 15 # a¹⁵ = 1.2020774344056969
# 11th Mersenne prime = 2¹⁰⁷ - 1 = 162259276829213363391578010288127
m11 = DecimalNumber(2) ** 107 - 1Square root
It calculates the square root of a positive DecimalNumber. For negative numbers, a DecimalNumberExceptionMathDomainError exception is raised. Example:
a = DecimalNumber("620433.785")
b = a.square_root()
print(b) # Result: 787.6761929879561873Absolute
It returns the absolute value of a DecimalNumber. Examples:
a = DecimalNumber("12.762")
b = DecimalNumber("-12.762")
print(abs(a)) # Result: 12.762
print(abs(b)) # Result: 12.762Unary - operator
Given a DecimalNumber n, it returns -n. Example:
a = DecimalNumber("12.762")
b = DecimalNumber("-12.762")
print(-a) # Result: -12.762
print(-b) # Result: 12.762Unary + operator
Given a DecimalNumber n, it returns +n. This can give the idea that it does nothing to the number n. That is true if the number of decimals of n is less or equal than the scale of DecimalNumber. If it is not, if the number of decimals of n is greater than scale, the decimals of n are reduced and rounded to match scale.
This operator can be useful to adjust the scale of a number to the scale of DecimalNumber after changing the scale with the method DecimalNumber.set_scale(). An example of this is a method that increases scale to obtain better accuracy in the calculation of a number x. Before returning from the method, it sets scale back to the value it had before entering the method and it returns +x instead of just x, adjusting the decimals of x to scale. Example:
a = DecimalNumber(2)
DecimalNumber.set_scale(30) # Sets the scale = 30
r2 = a.square_root() # Calculates the square root of 2 with 30 decimals
print(r2) # 1.414213562373095048801688724209
DecimalNumber.set_scale(10) # Sets the scale = 10
print(r2) # 1.414213562373095048801688724209
# Changing the scale does not modify a number
# unless an operation is made with it, like,
# for example, the unary + operator:
print(+r2) # 1.4142135624These are the common comparison operators we all know: <, <=, ==, !=, >=, >.
A DecimalNumber can be compared to other DecimalNumber or to an int number. Examples:
a = DecimalNumber("1.2")
b = DecimalNumber("8.3")
print(a > b) # False
print(b > a) # True
print(a == b) # False
print(a != b) # True
print(a > 0) # True
print(1 > b) # Falseexp(): exponential function ex.
ln(): natural logarithm (base e).
Trigonometric functions:
sin(): sine.
cos(): cosine.
tan(): tangent.
The argument of trigonometric functions sin(), cos() and tan() is an angle expressed in radians.
asin(): arcsine.
acos(): arccosine.
atan(): arctangent.
atan2(): 2-argument arctangent.
The functions asin(), acos(), atan() and atan2() return an angle in radians.
Example:
n = DecimalNumber("0.732")
n.exp() # 2.0792349218188443
n.ln() # -0.3119747650208255
n.sin() # 0.6683586490759965
n.cos() # 0.7438391736157144
n.tan() # 0.8985257469396026
n.asin() # 0.821252884452186
n.acos() # 0.7495434423427106
n.atan() # 0.6318812315412357
n2 = DecimalNumber("1.732")
DecimalNumber.atan(n, n2) # 0.3998638956924461to_int_truncate() returns and int that contains the integer part of a DecimalNumber after truncating the decimals.
to_int_round() returns and int that contains the integer part of a DecimalNumber after rounding it to zero decimals.
Example:
a = DecimalNumber("623897401.877314")
print(a.to_int_truncate()) # 623897401
print(a.to_int_round()) # 623897402clone() returns a new DecimalNumber object as a clone of a DecimalNumber. Example:
a = DecimalNumber("657.31")
b = a.clone()
print(a == b) # True: they are equal numbers.
print(a is b) # False: they are different objects.copy_from() copies into a DecimalNumber other DecimalNumber passed as a parameter. The reason for this method is that Python does not allow to overload the assign operator: '='. "b = a" would make b to point to object a, they would be the same object. We need a way to copy one into the other while remaining independent objects. Example:
a = DecimalNumber("657.31")
b = DecimalNumber("-1.9")
b = a
print(a, b) # 657.31 657.31
print(a is b) # True: they are the same object
# Let's try again with 'copy_from()'
a = DecimalNumber("657.31")
b = DecimalNumber("-1.9")
b.copy_from(a)
print(a, b) # 657.31 657.31
print(a is b) # False: they are different objects.pi() is a class method that returns the number PI with as many decimals as the scale of DecimalNumber. Example:
pi = DecimalNumber.pi() # Default scale, equal to 16
print(DecimalNumber.pi()) # 3.1415926535897932
DecimalNumber.set_scale(36) # Set scale = 36
print(DecimalNumber.pi()) # 3.141592653589793238462643383279502884PI is precalculated with 100 decimals and stored in the class. If pi() method is used with scale <= 100, PI is not calculated, but returned using the precalculated value. If scale is set to a value greater than 100, for example, 300, PI is calculated, stored in the class and returned. After that, the precalculated limit is 300 instead of 100, and any call to pi() with a scale <= 300 returns the value of PI from the precalculated value.
To calculate PI, this method uses the very fast algorithm present on the section Recipes of the documentation for the module decimal, part of Python Standard Library.
e() is a class method that returns the number e number, the base of natural logarithms, with as many decimals as the scale of DecimalNumber. Its value is precalculated and it functions in a similar way as pi(). Example:
e = DecimalNumber.e() # Default scale, equal to 16
print(DecimalNumber.pi()) # 2.7182818284590452
DecimalNumber.set_scale(36) # Set scale = 36
print(DecimalNumber.e()) # 2.718281828459045235360287471352662498DecimalNumber class can operate mixing int numbers and DecimalNumber objects. float numbers were not considered because of their imprecision.
Try this using CPython (on a PC):
print( (0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1) == 0.3 ) # False!!!There is nothing wrong with Python, it is the way float numbers work.
Try this using Micropython (I have used a Raspberry Pi Pico):
# Compares 10¹¹ * 10⁻² to 10⁹, which should be True
print( (1e11 * 1e-2) == 1e9 ) # False!!!This module defines four exceptions:
-
DecimalNumberExceptionParseError: a DecimalNumber can be initialize providing a string that contains a number. If the content of the string cannot be parsed as a correct number, this exception is raised.
-
DecimalNumberExceptionBadInit: this exception is raised when a negative number of decimals is provided when initializing a DecimalNumber.
-
DecimalNumberExceptionMathDomainError: this exception occurs when trying to calculate the square root of a negative number or atan2(0, 0).
-
DecimalNumberExceptionDivisionByZeroError: this is the division by zero exception.
This example shows how to use DecimalNumber to solve quadratic equations.
from mpy_decimal.mpy_decimal import *
def solve_quadratic_equation(a: DecimalNumber, b: DecimalNumber, c: DecimalNumber) -> Tuple[bool, DecimalNumber, DecimalNumber]:
"""It solves quadratic equations:
a * x² + b * x + c = 0
x₁ = (-b + sqrt(b*b - 4*a*c)) / (2*a)
x₂ = (-b - sqrt(b*b - 4*a*c)) / (2*a)
"""
# This is done by catching the Exception raised when calculating
# the square root of a negative number. It is instructive, but it
# can be avoided by simply checking if (b * b - 4 * a * c) is a
# negative number before calling square_root().
try:
r = (b * b - 4 * a * c).square_root()
x1 = (-b + r) / (2 * a)
x2 = (-b - r) / (2 * a)
return True, x1, x2
except DecimalNumberExceptionMathDomainError:
return False, None, None
def string_equation(a: DecimalNumber, b: DecimalNumber, c: DecimalNumber) -> str:
return "{0}x² {1}x {2} = 0".format(
a,
"- " + str(abs(b)) if b < 0 else '+ ' + str(b),
"- " + str(abs(c)) if c < 0 else '+ ' + str(c)
)
list_equations = [
(7, -5, -9),
(1, -3, 10),
(4, 25, 21),
(1, 3, -10)
]
print("-" * 50)
for e in list_equations:
a = DecimalNumber(e[0])
b = DecimalNumber(e[1])
c = DecimalNumber(e[2])
solution, x1, x2 = solve_quadratic_equation(a, b, c)
print(string_equation(a, b, c))
if solution:
print(" x₁ =", x1)
print(" x₂ =", x2)
else:
print(" The equation does not have a real solution.")
print("-" * 50)This is what the program prints:
--------------------------------------------------
7x² - 5x - 9 = 0
x1 = 1.545951212649517
x2 = -0.8316654983638027
--------------------------------------------------
1x² - 3x + 10 = 0
The equation does not have a real solution.
--------------------------------------------------
4x² + 25x + 21 = 0
x1 = -1
x2 = -5.25
--------------------------------------------------
1x² + 3x - 10 = 0
x₁ = 2
x₂ = -5
--------------------------------------------------
This is not exactly part of this module, but someone might find it useful.
".mpy" files: a micropython board can run ".py" files directly. It compiles them before executing them, and that takes time. It is a good practice to copy to your micropython board a precompiled version, a ".mpy" file.
You can compile the Python file "mpy_decimal.py", that contains all the functionality of DecimalNumber, before copying it to your micropython board:
python -m mpy_cross mpy_decimal.pyIt creates the file "mpy_decimal.mpy". You should have mpy_cross installed. More information at: https://pypi.org/project/mpy-cross/
The next step is copying the ".mpy" file to your micropython board. You can copy python source code files with an editor, for example Thonny, but it does not copy (as of today) ".mpy" files. The tool mpy-repl-tool[mount] can help you connect your computer to your micropython board. It also allows to mount your board and use it as any other disk or memory unit of your computer.