Terraform Best Practices 🌐

Terraform Best Practices for AWS users.

• Run terraform command with var-file
• Enable version control on terraform state files bucket
• Manage S3 backend for tfstate files
  • Notes on S3
• Manage multiple Terraform modules and environments easily with Terragrunt
• Retrieve state meta data from a remote backend
• Turn on debug when you need do troubleshooting
• Use shared modules
• Isolate environment
• Use terraform import to include as many resources you can
• Avoid hard coding the resources
• validate and format terraform code
• Generate README for each module with input and output variables
• Update terraform version
• terraform version manager
• Run terraform in docker container
• Run test
  • Quick start
  • Run test within docker container
• Minimum AWS permissions necessary for a Terraform run
• Tips to deal with lambda functions
  • explanation
• Usage of variable "self"
  • One more use case
• Use pre-installed Terraform plugins
• Tips to upgrade to terraform 0.12
• Tips to upgrade to terraform 0.13+
• Contributing
• useful terraform modules

The README for terraform version 0.11 and less has been renamed to README.0.11.md

Run terraform command with var-file

$ cat config/dev.tfvars

name = "dev-stack"
s3_terraform_bucket = "dev-stack-terraform"
tag_team_name = "hello-world"

$ terraform plan -var-file=config/dev.tfvars

With var-file, you can easily manage environment (dev/stag/uat/prod) variables.

With var-file, you avoid running terraform with long list of key-value pairs ( -var foo=bar )

Enable version control on terraform state files bucket

Always set backend to s3 and enable version control on this bucket.

s3-backend to create s3 bucket and dynamodb table to use as terraform backend.

Manage S3 backend for tfstate files

Terraform doesn't support Interpolated variables in terraform backend config, normally you write a seperate script to define s3 backend bucket name for different environments, but I recommend to hard code it directly as below. This way is called as partial configuration

Add below code in terraform configuration files.

$ cat main.tf

terraform {
  backend "s3" {
    encrypt = true
  }
}

Define backend variables for particular environment

$ cat config/backend-dev.conf
bucket  = "<account_id>-terraform-states"
key     = "development/service-name.tfstate"
encrypt = true
region  = "ap-southeast-2"
#dynamodb_table = "terraform-lock"

Notes on S3

• bucket - s3 bucket name, has to be globally unique.
• key - Set some meaningful names for different services and applications, such as vpc.tfstate, application_name.tfstate, etc
• dynamodb_table - optional when you want to enable State Locking

After you set config/backend-dev.conf and config/dev.tfvars properly (for each environment). You can easily run terraform as below:

env=dev
terraform get -update=true
terraform init -reconfigure -backend-config=config/backend-${env}.conf
terraform plan -var-file=config/${env}.tfvars
terraform apply -var-file=config/${env}.tfvars

If you encountered any unexpected issues, delete the cache folder, and try again.

rm -rf .terraform

Manage multiple Terraform modules and environments easily with Terragrunt

Terragrunt is a thin wrapper for Terraform that provides extra tools for working with multiple Terraform modules. https://www.gruntwork.io

Sample for reference: https://github.com/gruntwork-io/terragrunt-infrastructure-live-example

Its README is too long, if you need a quick start, follow below steps:

# Install terraform and terragrunt
# Make sure you are in right aws account
$ aws s3 ls
# use terragrunt to deploy
$ git clone https://github.com/gruntwork-io/terragrunt-infrastructure-live-example.git
$ cd terragrunt-infrastructure-live-example
# for example, you want to deploy mysql in stage non-prod at region us-east-1
$ cd non-prod/us-east-1/stage/mysql
$ terragrunt plan
# Confirm everything works
$ terragrunt apply

So if you followed the setting in terragrunt properly, you don't need to care about the backend state files and variable file path in different environments, even more, you can run terragrunt plan-all to plan all modules together.

Retrieve state meta data from a remote backend

Normally we have several layers to manage terraform resources, such as network, database, application layers. After you create the basic network resources, such as vpc, security group, subnets, nat gateway in vpc stack. Your database layer and applications layer should always refer the resource from vpc layer directly via terraform_remote_state data srouce.

Notes: in Terraform v0.12+, you need add extra outputs to reference the attributes, otherwise you will get error message of Unsupported attribute

data "terraform_remote_state" "vpc" {
  backend = "s3"
  config = {
    bucket = var.s3_terraform_bucket
    key    = "${var.environment}/vpc.tfstate"
    region = var.aws_region
  }
}

# Retrieves the vpc_id and subnet_ids directly from remote backend state files.
resource "aws_xx_xxxx" "main" {
  # ...
  subnet_ids = split(",", data.terraform_remote_state.vpc.data_subnets)
  vpc_id     = data.terraform_remote_state.vpc.outputs.vpc_id
}

Turn on debug when you need do troubleshooting

TF_LOG=DEBUG terraform <command>

# or if you run with terragrunt
TF_LOG=DEBUG terragrunt <command>

Use shared modules

Manage terraform resource with shared modules, this will save a lot of coding time. No need re-invent the wheel!

You can start from below links:

• Terraform module usage

• Terraform Module Registry

• Terraform aws modules

Up to Terraform 0.12, Terraform modules didn't support count parameter.

From Terraform 0.13 on this feature is already available for your pleasure!

Isolate environment

Sometimes, developers like to create a security group and share it to all non-prod (dev/qa) environments. Don't do that, create resources with different name for each environment and each resource.

variable "application" {
  description = "application name"
  default = "<replace_with_your_project_or_application_name, use short name if possible, because some resources have length limit on its name>"
}

variable "environment" {
  description = "environment name"
  default = "<replace_with_environment_name, such as dev, svt, prod,etc. Use short name if possible, because some resources have length limit on its name>"
}

locals {
  name_prefix    = "${var.application}-${var.environment}"
}

resource "<any_resource>" "custom_resource_name" {
  name = "${local.name_prefix}-<resource_name>"
  ...
}

With that, you will easily define the resource with a meaningful and unique name, and you can build more of the same application stack for different developers without change a lot. For example, you update the environment to dev, staging, uat, prod, etc.

Tips: some aws resource names have length limits, such as less than 24 characters, so when you define variables of application and environment name, use short name.

Use terraform import to include as many resources you can

Sometimes developers manually created resources. You need to mark these resource and use terraform import to include them in codes.

terraform import

Avoid hard coding the resources

A sample:

account_number=“123456789012"
account_alias="mycompany"
region="us-east-2"

The current aws account id, account alias and current region can be input directly via data sources.

# The attribute `${data.aws_caller_identity.current.account_id}` will be current account number.
data "aws_caller_identity" "current" {}

# The attribue `${data.aws_iam_account_alias.current.account_alias}` will be current account alias
data "aws_iam_account_alias" "current" {}

# The attribute `${data.aws_region.current.name}` will be current region
data "aws_region" "current" {}

# Set as [local values](https://www.terraform.io/docs/configuration/locals.html)
locals {
  account_id    = data.aws_caller_identity.current.account_id
  account_alias = data.aws_iam_account_alias.current.account_alias
  region        = data.aws_region.current.name
}

validate and format terraform code

Always run terraform fmt to format terraform configuration files and make them neat.

I used below code in Travis CI pipeline (you can re-use it in any pipelines) to validate and format check the codes before you can merge it to master branch.

script:
  - terraform validate
  - terraform fmt -check=true -write=false -diff=true
  - <rest terraform commands>

One more check tflint you can add

- find . -type f -name "*.tf" -exec dirname {} \;|sort -u |while read line; do pushd $line; docker run --rm -v $(pwd):/data -t wata727/tflint; popd; done

Generate README for each module with input and output variables

You needn't manually manage USAGE about input variables and outputs. A tool named terraform-docs can do the job for you.

Sample command with docker run (so you don't have to install it directly)

docker run --rm -v $(pwd):/data cytopia/terraform-docs terraform-docs md . > README.md

For details on how to run terraform-docs, check this repository: https://github.com/cytopia/docker-terraform-docs

There is a simple sample for you to start tf_aws_acme, the README is generatd by terraform-docs

Update terraform version

Hashicorp doesn't have a good qa/build/release process for their software and does not follow semantic versioning rules.

For example, terraform init isn't compatible between 0.9 and 0.8. Now they are going to split providers and use "init" to install providers as plugin in coming version 0.10

So recommend to keep updating to latest terraform version

terraform version manager

You can manage multiple terraform versions with tfenv

sample commands for mac users.

# install tfenv
$ brew install tfenv

# install several terraform binary with different versions
$ tfenv install 1.1.9
$ tfenv install 1.2.1
$ tfenv install 0.12.11

# list terraform versions managed by tfenv
$ terraform list

# set the default terraform version
$ terraform use 1.2.1
$ terraform version

Run terraform in docker container

Terraform releases official docker containers that you can easily control which version you can run.

Recommend to run terraform docker container, when you set your build job in CI/CD pipeline.

TERRAFORM_IMAGE=hashicorp/terraform:0.12.3
TERRAFORM_CMD="docker run -ti --rm -w /app -v ${HOME}/.aws:/root/.aws -v ${HOME}/.ssh:/root/.ssh -v `pwd`:/app -w /app ${TERRAFORM_IMAGE}"
${TERRAFORM_CMD} init
${TERRAFORM_CMD} plan

Or with terragrunt

# (1) must mount the local folder to /apps in container.
# (2) must mount the aws credentials and ssh config folder in container.
$ docker run -ti --rm -v $HOME/.aws:/root/.aws -v ${HOME}/.ssh:/root/.ssh -v `pwd`:/apps alpine/terragrunt:0.12.3 bash
# cd to terragrunt configuration directory, if required.
$ terragrunt plan-all
$ terragrunt apply-all

Run test

Recommend to add awspec tests through kitchen and kitchen-terraform.

Quick start

Reference: repo terraform-aws-modules/terraform-aws-eks

Run test within docker container

Reference: README for terraform awspec container

Minimum AWS permissions necessary for a Terraform run

There will be no answer for this. But with below iam policy you can easily get started.

{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Sid": "AllowSpecifics",
      "Action": [
        "lambda:*",
        "apigateway:*",
        "ec2:*",
        "rds:*",
        "s3:*",
        "sns:*",
        "states:*",
        "ssm:*",
        "sqs:*",
        "iam:*",
        "elasticloadbalancing:*",
        "autoscaling:*",
        "cloudwatch:*",
        "cloudfront:*",
        "route53:*",
        "ecr:*",
        "logs:*",
        "ecs:*",
        "application-autoscaling:*",
        "logs:*",
        "events:*",
        "elasticache:*",
        "es:*",
        "kms:*",
        "dynamodb:*"
      ],
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Resource": "*"
    },
    {
      "Sid": "DenySpecifics",
      "Action": [
        "iam:*User*",
        "iam:*Login*",
        "iam:*Group*",
        "iam:*Provider*",
        "aws-portal:*",
        "budgets:*",
        "config:*",
        "directconnect:*",
        "aws-marketplace:*",
        "aws-marketplace-management:*",
        "ec2:*ReservedInstances*"
      ],
      "Effect": "Deny",
      "Resource": "*"
    }
  ]
}

Depend on your company or project requirement, you can easily update the resources in Allow session which terraform commands should have, and add deny policies in Deny session if some of permissions are not required.

Tips to deal with lambda functions

Headache to save python packages from pip install into source codes and generate lambda zip file manually? Here is full codes with solution.

The folder lambda includes all codes, here is the explanation.

$ tree
.
├── lambda.tf              # terraform HCL to deal with lambda
├── pip.sh                 # script to install python packages with pip.
└── source
    ├── .gitignore         # Ignore all other files
    ├── main.py            # Lambda function, replace with yours
    ├── requirements.txt   # python package list, replace with yours.
    └── setup.cfg          # Useful for mac users who installed python using Homebrew

Replace main.py and requirements.txt with your applications.

explanation

After you run terraform apply, it will:

1. install all pip packages into source folder
2. zip the source folder to source.zip
3. deploy lambda function with source.zip
4. because of source/.gitignore, it will ignore all new installed pip packages in git source codes.

This solution is reference from the comments in Ability to zip AWS Lambda function on the fly)

You should be fine to do the same for lambda functions using nodejs (npm install) or other languages with this tip.

You need have python/pip installed when run terraform commands, if you run in terraform container, make sure you install python/pip in it.

Usage of variable "self"

Quote from terraform documents:

Attributes of your own resource

The syntax is self.ATTRIBUTE. For example \${self.private_ip} will interpolate that resource's private IP address.

Note: The self.ATTRIBUTE syntax is only allowed and valid within provisioners.

One more use case

resource "aws_ecr_repository" "jenkins" {
  name = var.image_name
  provisioner "local-exec" {
    command = "./deploy-image.sh ${self.repository_url} ${var.jenkins_image_name}"
  }
}

variable "jenkins_image_name" {
  default = "mycompany/jenkins"
  description = "Jenkins image name."
}

You can easily define ecr image url (<account_id>.dkr.ecr.<aws_region>.amazonaws.com/<image_name>) with ${self.repository_url}

Any attributes in this resource can be self referenced by this way.

Reference: https://github.com/shuaibiyy/terraform-ecs-jenkins/blob/master/docker/main.tf

Use pre-installed Terraform plugins

There is a way to use pre-installed Terraform plugins instead of downloading them with terraform init, the accepted answer below gives the detail:

Use pre-installed Terraform plugins instead of downloading them with terraform init

Tips to upgrade to terraform 0.12

terraform 0.12upgrade

If you have any codes older than 0.12, please go through official documents first,

• terraform Input Variables, a lot of new features you have to know.
• Upgrading to Terraform v0.12
• terraform command 0.12upgrade
• Announcing Terraform 0.12

Then here are extra tips for you.

• Upgrade to terraform 0.11 first, if you have any.
• Upgrade terraform moudles to 0.12 first, because terraform 0.12 can't work with 0.11 modules.
• Define type for each variable, otherwise you will get weird error messages.

Tips to upgrade to terraform 0.13+

In fact the command terraform 0.13upgrade in terraform v0.13.3 (the latest version currently) doesn't work to convert older versions less than v0.11

So you have to download terraform 0.12 version to do the upgrade. But from hashicorp terraform website, there is only v0.13.x for downloading now.

Here is a simple way if you can run with docker

# cd to the terraform tf files folder, run below commands

# do the upgrade within terraform 0.12 container
$ docker run -ti --rm -v $(pwd):/apps -w /apps --entrypoint=sh hashicorp/terraform:0.12.29
/apps # terraform init
/apps # terraform 0.12upgrade -yes
/apps # exit

# double check with 0.13upgrade
$ terraform 0.13upgrade -yes
$

Contributing

• Update README.md
• install doctoc

npm install -g doctoc

• update README

doctoc --github README.md

• commit the update and raise pull request for reviewing.

useful terraform modules

1. terraform aws ami helper

usage module to easly find some useful AWS ami id, here is a sample to get latest amazon linux 2 ami id

module "helper" {
  source  = "recarnot/ami-helper/aws"
  os      = module.helper.AMAZON_LINUX_2
}

output "id" {
    value = module.helper.ami_id
}

reference: [recarnot/terraform-aws-ami-helper](https://github.com/recarnot/terraform-aws-ami-helper)