src: more automatic memory management in node_crypto.cc

Prefer custom smart pointers fitted to the OpenSSL data structures
over more manual memory management and lots of `goto`s.

Backport-PR-URL: #20706
PR-URL: #20238
Reviewed-By: Daniel Bevenius <daniel.bevenius@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Tobias Nießen <tniessen@tnie.de>
Reviewed-By: Joyee Cheung <joyeec9h3@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Tiancheng "Timothy" Gu <timothygu99@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Ben Noordhuis <info@bnoordhuis.nl>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>