doc: add onboarding documentation

doc/onboarding-extras.md

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+## Who to CC in issues
+
+* `lib/buffer`: @trevnorris
+* `lib/child_process`: @cjihrig, @bnoordhuis, @piscisaereus
+* `lib/cluster`: @cjihrig, @bnoordhuis, @piscisaereus
+* `lib/{crypto,tls,https}`: @indutny, @shigeki, @nodejs/crypto
+* `lib/domains`: @misterdjules
+* `lib/{_}http{*}`: @indutny, @bnoordhuis, @nodejs/http
+* `lib/net`: @indutny, @bnoordhuis, @piscisaereus, @chrisdickinson, @nodejs/streams
+* `lib/{_}stream{s|*}`: @nodejs/streams
+* `lib/repl`: @fishrock123
+* `lib/timers`: @fishrock123, @misterdjules
+* `lib/zlib`: @indutny, @bnoordhuis
+
+* `src/async-wrap.*`: @trevnorris
+* `src/node_crypto.*`: @indutny, @shigeki, @nodejs/crypto
+
+* `test/*`: @nodejs/testing, @trott
+
+* `tools/eslint`, `.eslintrc`: @silverwind, @trott
+
+* upgrading v8: @bnoordhuis / @targos / @ofrobots
+* upgrading npm: @thealphanerd, @fishrock123
+
+
+When things need extra attention, are controversial, or `semver-major`: @nodejs/ctc
+
+If you cannot find who to cc for a file, `git shortlog -n -s <file>` may help.
+
+
+## Labels
+
+### By Subsystem
+
+We generally sort issues by a concept of "subsystem" so that we know what part(s) of the codebase it touches.
+
+**Subsystems generally are**:
+
+* `lib/*.js`
+* `doc`, `build`, `tools`, `test`, `deps`, `lib / src` (special), and there may be others.
+* `meta` for anything non-code (process) related
+
+There may be more than one subsystem valid for any particular issue / PR.
+
+
+### General
+
+Please use these when possible / appropriate
+
+* `confirmed-bug` - Bugs you have verified exist
+* `discuss` - Things that need larger discussion
+* `feature request` - Any issue that requests a new feature (usually not PRs)
+* `good first contribution` - Issues suitable for newcomers to process
+
+* `semver-{minor,major}`
+  * be conservative – that is, if a change has the remote *chance* of breaking something, go for semver-major
+  * when adding a semver label, add a comment explaining why you're adding it
+  * minor vs. patch: roughly: "does it add a new method / does it add a new section to the docs"
+  * major vs. everything else: run last versions tests against this version, if they pass, **probably** minor or patch
+  * A breaking change helper ([full source](https://gist.github.com/chrisdickinson/ba532fa0e4e243fb7b44)):
+  ```
+  git checkout $(git show -s --pretty='%T' $(git show-ref -d $(git describe --abbrev=0) | tail -n1 | awk '{print $1}')) -- test; make -j8 test
+  ```
+
+
+### Other Labels
+
+* Operating system labels
+  * `os x`, `windows`, `solaris`
+  * No linux, linux is the implied default
+* Architecture labels
+  * `arm`, `mips`
+  * No x86{_64}, since that is the implied default
+* `lts-agenda`, `lts-watch-v*`
+  * tag things that should be discussed to go into LTS or should go into a specific LTS branch
+  * (usually only semver-patch things)
+  * will come more naturally over time
+
+
+## Updating Node.js from Upstream
+
+* `git remote add upstream git://github.com/nodejs/node.git`
+
+to update from nodejs/node:
+* `git checkout master`
+* `git remote update -p` OR `git fetch --all` (I prefer the former)
+* `git merge --ff-only upstream/master` (or `REMOTENAME/BRANCH`)
+
+
+## If `git am` fails
+
+* if `git am` fails – use `git am --abort`
+  * this usually means the PR needs updated
+  * prefer to make the originating user update the code, since they have it fresh in mind
+* first, reattempt with `git am -3` (3-way merge)`
+* if `-3` still fails, and you need to get it merged:
+  * `git fetch origin pull/N/head:pr-N && git checkout pr-N && git rebase master`
+
+
+## best practices
+
+* commit often, out to your github fork (origin), open a PR
+* when making PRs make sure to spend time on the description:
+  * every moment you spend writing a good description quarters the amount of time it takes to understand your code.
+* usually prefer to only squash at the *end* of your work, depends on the change

doc/onboarding.md

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+## pre-setup
+
+Ensure everyone is added to https://github.com/orgs/nodejs/teams/collaborators
+
+
+## onboarding to nodejs
+
+### intros
+
+
+### **thank you** for doing this
+
+  * going to cover four things:
+    * local setup
+    * some project goals & values
+    * issues, labels, and reviewing code
+    * merging code
+
+
+### setup:
+
+  * notifications setup
+    * use https://github.com/notifications or set up email
+    * watching the main repo will flood your inbox, so be prepared
+
+
+  * git:
+    * make sure you have whitespace=fix: `git config --global --add core.whitespace fix`
+    * usually PR from your own github fork
+    * [**See "Updating Node.js from Upstream"**](./onboarding-extras.md#updating-nodejs-from-upstream)
+    * make new branches for all commits you make!
+
+
+  * `#node-dev` on `chat.freenode.net` is the best place to interact with the CTC / other collaborators
+
+
+### a little deeper about the project
+
+  * collaborators are effectively part owners
+    * the project has the goals of its contributors
+
+
+  * but, there are some higher-level goals and values
+    * not everything belongs in core (if it can be done reasonably in userland, let it stay in userland)
+    * empathy towards users matters (this is in part why we onboard people)
+    * generally: try to be nice to people
+
+
+### managing the issue tracker
+
+  * you have (mostly) free rein – don't hesitate to close an issue if you are confident that it should be closed
+    * this will come more naturally over time
+    * IMPORTANT: be nice about closing issues, let people know why, and that issues and PRs can be reopened if necessary
+    * Still need to follow the Code of Conduct.
+
+
+  * labels:
+    * generally sort issues by a concept of "subsystem" so that we know what part(s) of the codebase it touches, though there are also other useful labels.
+     * [**See "Labels"**](./onboarding-extras.md#labels)
+    * `ctc-agenda` if a topic is controversial or isn't coming to a conclusion after an extended time.
+    * `semver-{minor,major}`:
+      * be conservative – that is, if a change has the remote *chance* of breaking something, go for `semver-major`
+      * when adding a semver label, add a comment explaining why you're adding it
+        * it's cached locally in your brain at that moment!
+
+
+  * Notifying humans
+    * [**See "Who to CC in issues"**](./onboarding-extras.md#who-to-cc-in-issues)
+    * will also come more naturally over time
+
+
+  * reviewing:
+    * primary goal is for the codebase to improve
+    * secondary (but not far off) is for the person submitting code to succeed
+      * helps grow the community
+      * and draws new people into the project
+    * Review a bit at a time. It is **very important** to not overwhelm newer people.
+      * it is tempting to micro-optimize / make everything about relative perf,
+        don't succumb to that temptation. we change v8 a lot more often now, contortions
+        that are zippy today may be unnecessary in the future
+    * be aware: your opinion carries a lot of weight!
+    * nits are fine, but try to avoid stalling the PR
+      * note that they are nits when you comment
+      * if they really are stalling nits, fix them yourself on merge (but try to let PR authors know they can fix these)
+      * improvement doesn't have to come all at once
+    * minimum wait for comments time
+      * There is a minimum waiting time which we try to respect for non-trivial changes, so that people who may have important input in such a distributed project are able to respond.
+        * It may help to set time limits and expectations:
+          * the collaborators are very distributed so it is unlikely that they will be looking at stuff the same time as you are.
+          * before merging code: give folks at least one working day to respond: "If no one objects, tomorrow at <time> I'll merge this in."
+            * please always either specify your timezone, or use UTC time
+            * set reminders
+          * check in on the code every once in a while (set reminders!)
+      * 48 hours for non-trivial changes, and 72 hours on weekends.
+      * if a PR is abandoned, check if they'd mind if you took it over (especially if it just has nits left)
+      * you have the power to `LGTM` another collaborator or TSC / CTC members' work
+
+
+  * what belongs in node:
+    * opinions vary, but I find the following helpful:
+    * if node itself needs it (due to historic reasons), then it belongs in node
+      * that is to say, url is there because of http, freelist is there because of http, et al
+    * also, things that cannot be done outside of core, or only with significant pain (example: async-wrap)
+
+
+  * CI testing:
+    * lives here: https://ci.nodejs.org/
+      * not automatically run - some of the platforms we test do not have full sandboxing support so we need to ensure what we run on it isn't potentially malicious
+    * make sure to log in – we use github authentication so it should be seamless
+    * go to "node-test-pull-request" and "Build with parameters"
+    * fill in the pull request number without the `#`, and check the verification that you have reviewed the code for potential malice
+      * The other options shouldn't need to be adjusted in most cases.
+    * link to the CI run in the PR by commenting "CI: <ci run link>"
+
+
+### process for getting code in:
+
+  * the collaborator guide is a great resource: https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/master/COLLABORATOR_GUIDE.md#technical-howto
+
+
+  * no one (including TSC or CTC members) pushes directly to master without review
+    * an exception is made for release commits only
+
+
+  * one "LGTM" is usually sufficient, except for semver-major changes
+    * the more the better
+    * semver-major (breaking) changes must be reviewed in some form by the CTC
+
+
+  * be sure to wait before merging non-trivial changes
+    * 48 hours for non-trivial changes, and 72 hours on weekends.
+
+
+  * **make sure to run the PR through CI before merging!** (Except for documentation PRs)
+
+
+  * once code is ready to go in:
+    * [**See "Landing PRs"**](#landing-prs) below
+
+
+  * what if something goes wrong?
+    * ping a CTC member
+    * `#node-dev` on freenode
+    * force-pushing to fix things after is allowed for ~10 minutes, be sure to notify people in IRC if you need to do this, but avoid it
+    * Info on PRs that don't like to apply found under [**"If `git am` fails"**](./onboarding-extras.md#if-git-am-fails).
+
+
+### Landing PRs
+
+* Please never use GitHub's green "Merge Pull Request" button.
+  * If you do, please force-push removing the merge.
+
+Update your `master` branch (or whichever branch you are landing on, almost always `master`)
+
+* [**See "Updating Node.js from Upstream"**](./onboarding-extras.md#updating-nodejs-from-upstream)
+
+Landing a PR
+
+* if it all looks good, `curl -L 'url-of-pr.patch' | git am`
+* `git rebase -i upstream/master`
+* squash into logical commits if necessary
+* `./configure && make -j8 test` (`-j8` builds node in parallel with 8 threads. adjust to the number of cores (or processor-level threads) your processor has (or slightly more) for best results.)
+* Amend the commit description
+  * commits should follow `subsystem[,subsystem]: small description\n\nbig description\n\n<metadata>`
+  * first line 50 columns, all others 72
+  * add metadata:
+    * `Fixes: <full-issue-url>`
+    * `Reviewed-By: human <email>`
+      * Easiest to use `git log` then do a search
+      * (`/Name` + `enter` (+ `n` as much as you need to) in vim)
+    * `PR-URL: <full-pr-url>`
+* `git push upstream master`
+    * close the original PR with "Landed in `<commit hash>`".
+
+
+### exercise: make PRs adding yourselves to the README.
+
+  * Example: https://github.com/nodejs/node/commit/7b09aade8468e1c930f36b9c81e6ac2ed5bc8732
+    * to see full URL: `git log 7b09aade8468e1c930f36b9c81e6ac2ed5bc8732 -1`
+  * Collaborators in alphabetical order by username
+  * Label your pull request with the `doc` subsystem label
+  * If you would like to run CI on your PR, feel free to
+  * Make sure to added the `PR-URL: <full-pr-url>`!
+
+
+### final notes:
+
+  * don't worry about making mistakes: everybody makes them, there's a lot to internalize and that takes time (and we recognize that!)
+  * very few (no?) mistakes are unrecoverable
+  * the existing node committers trust you and are grateful for your help!
+  * other repos:
+    * https://github.com/nodejs/dev-policy
+    * https://github.com/nodejs/NG
+    * https://github.com/nodejs/api
+    * https://github.com/nodejs/build
+    * https://github.com/nodejs/docs
+    * https://github.com/nodejs/nodejs.org
+    * https://github.com/nodejs/readable-stream
+    * https://github.com/nodejs/LTS