add VarInt encoder for unsigned longs [#98]

NOTICE.md

@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ The `planetiler-core` module includes the following software:
     from [github.com/rawrunprotected/hilbert_curves](https://github.com/rawrunprotected/hilbert_curves) (Public Domain)
   - `osmformat.proto` and `fileformat.proto` (generates `Osmformat.java` and `Fileformat.java`)
     from [openstreetmap/OSM-binary](https://github.com/openstreetmap/OSM-binary/tree/master/osmpbf) (MIT License)
+  - `VarInt` from [Bazel](https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazel) (Apache license)
 - Maven Dependencies:
   - org.yaml:snakeyaml (Apache license)
   - org.snakeyaml:snakeyaml-engine (Apache license)

planetiler-benchmarks/src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/benchmarks/BenchmarkVarInt.java

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package com.onthegomap.planetiler.benchmarks;
+
+import static io.prometheus.client.Collector.NANOSECONDS_PER_SECOND;
+
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.stats.Timer;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.Format;
+import com.onthegomap.planetiler.util.VarInt;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+public class BenchmarkVarInt {
+
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
+
+    long num = 80000000;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+      ByteArrayOutputStream stream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      var timer = Timer.start();
+
+      long sum = 0;
+
+      for (long l = 0; l < num; l++) {
+        VarInt.putVarLong(l, stream);
+        sum += l;
+      }
+
+      ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.wrap(stream.toByteArray());
+
+      long acc = 0;
+      for (long l = 0; l < num; l++) {
+        acc += VarInt.getVarLong(buf);
+      }
+
+      if (sum != acc) {
+        System.err.println("Sums do not match");
+      }
+
+
+      System.err.println(
+        num + " varints took " +
+          Format.defaultInstance().duration(timer.stop().elapsed().wall()) + " (" +
+          Format.defaultInstance()
+            .numeric(num * 1d / (timer.stop().elapsed().wall().toNanos() / NANOSECONDS_PER_SECOND)) +
+          "/s)"
+      );
+    }
+  }
+}

planetiler-core/src/main/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/util/VarInt.java

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2014 The Bazel Authors. All rights reserved.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package com.onthegomap.planetiler.util;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+/**
+ * Encode and decode Protocol Buffer-style VarInts.
+ * <p>
+ * getVarLong and putVarLong are adapted from <a href=
+ * "https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazel/blob/master/src/main/java/com/google/devtools/build/lib/util/VarInt.java">Bazel</a>.
+ */
+public class VarInt {
+  private VarInt() {}
+
+  public static int varLongSize(long v) {
+    int result = 0;
+    do {
+      result++;
+      v >>>= 7;
+    } while (v != 0);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Reads an up to 64 bit long varint from the current position of the given ByteBuffer and returns the decoded value
+   * as long.
+   *
+   * <p>
+   * The position of the buffer is advanced to the first byte after the decoded varint.
+   *
+   * @param src the ByteBuffer to get the var int from
+   * @return The integer value of the decoded long varint
+   */
+  public static long getVarLong(ByteBuffer src) {
+    long tmp;
+    if ((tmp = src.get()) >= 0) {
+      return tmp;
+    }
+    long result = tmp & 0x7f;
+    if ((tmp = src.get()) >= 0) {
+      result |= tmp << 7;
+    } else {
+      result |= (tmp & 0x7f) << 7;
+      if ((tmp = src.get()) >= 0) {
+        result |= tmp << 14;
+      } else {
+        result |= (tmp & 0x7f) << 14;
+        if ((tmp = src.get()) >= 0) {
+          result |= tmp << 21;
+        } else {
+          result |= (tmp & 0x7f) << 21;
+          if ((tmp = src.get()) >= 0) {
+            result |= tmp << 28;
+          } else {
+            result |= (tmp & 0x7f) << 28;
+            if ((tmp = src.get()) >= 0) {
+              result |= tmp << 35;
+            } else {
+              result |= (tmp & 0x7f) << 35;
+              if ((tmp = src.get()) >= 0) {
+                result |= tmp << 42;
+              } else {
+                result |= (tmp & 0x7f) << 42;
+                if ((tmp = src.get()) >= 0) {
+                  result |= tmp << 49;
+                } else {
+                  result |= (tmp & 0x7f) << 49;
+                  if ((tmp = src.get()) >= 0) {
+                    result |= tmp << 56;
+                  } else {
+                    result |= (tmp & 0x7f) << 56;
+                    result |= ((long) src.get()) << 63;
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  public static void putVarLong(long v, ByteBuffer sink) {
+    while (true) {
+      int bits = ((int) v) & 0x7f;
+      v >>>= 7;
+      if (v == 0) {
+        sink.put((byte) bits);
+        return;
+      }
+      sink.put((byte) (bits | 0x80));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Encodes a long integer in a variable-length encoding, 7 bits per byte.
+   * 
+   * @param v            the value to encode
+   * @param outputStream the OutputStream to add the encoded value
+   */
+  public static void putVarLong(long v, OutputStream outputStream) throws IOException {
+    byte[] bytes = new byte[varLongSize(v)];
+    ByteBuffer sink = ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes);
+    putVarLong(v, sink);
+    outputStream.write(bytes);
+  }
+}

planetiler-core/src/test/java/com/onthegomap/planetiler/util/VarIntTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+package com.onthegomap.planetiler.util;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+class VarIntTest {
+
+  @Test
+  void testRoundTrip() throws IOException {
+    ByteArrayOutputStream stream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    VarInt.putVarLong(0, stream);
+    VarInt.putVarLong(1, stream);
+    VarInt.putVarLong(Long.MAX_VALUE, stream);
+    VarInt.putVarLong(Long.MIN_VALUE, stream);
+    ByteBuffer output = ByteBuffer.wrap(stream.toByteArray());
+    assertEquals(0, VarInt.getVarLong(output));
+    assertEquals(1, VarInt.getVarLong(output));
+    assertEquals(Long.MAX_VALUE, VarInt.getVarLong(output));
+    assertEquals(Long.MIN_VALUE, VarInt.getVarLong(output));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  void testUnsignedEncoding() throws IOException {
+    byte[] rawbytes = {0, 1, 127, (byte) 0xe5, (byte) 0x8e, (byte) 0x26};
+    ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.wrap(rawbytes);
+
+    assertEquals(0, VarInt.getVarLong(buf));
+    assertEquals(1, VarInt.getVarLong(buf));
+    assertEquals(127, VarInt.getVarLong(buf));
+    assertEquals(624485, VarInt.getVarLong(buf));
+
+    byte[] max_safe_js_integer =
+      {(byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, 0xf};
+    assertEquals(9007199254740991L, VarInt.getVarLong(ByteBuffer.wrap(max_safe_js_integer)));
+  }
+}