A Cosmology Group
"May/June 1922: Friedmann Imagines a Changing Universe — to Einstein’s Chagrin" #223
Replies: 6 comments 3 replies
-
|
This is an interesting side note to history. I thought that Einstein had introduced the cosmological constant in a paper in which he compared it to the Seeliger term, but perhaps that was an earlier study. |
Beta Was this translation helpful? Give feedback.
-
An alternative to matter creation/destruction is matter/energy conversion/recycling.
|
Beta Was this translation helpful? Give feedback.
-
|
@LifeIsStrange
Electron/positron particle pair generation and annihilation is mostly undisputed and is fairly well observed. I shrug at the claim that protons and anti-protons are 'readily' produced though, while at the same time in QED and QCD the proposed sub-content of a proton would make it statistically nearly-impossible to produce 'by accident'.
By the rules of particle production, conservation of charge, energy and momentum are foremost (in a classic setting) It is however allowed for an electron to have total energy Purely some speculation though, but would also like to know how much of this can be falsified. |
Beta Was this translation helpful? Give feedback.
-
This is a myth repeated ad nauseam, the greatest blunder is only testified by Gamov, that has already empirically been found to lie and greatly exaggerate about his relationship with Einstein. |
Beta Was this translation helpful? Give feedback.
-
|
Good day Francois,
I find your speculations stimulating, and wonder if the following
exposition might resonate with your ideas:
[begin quote]
We now return to de Broglie's thermodynamics, which, as noted earlier,
implies an exchange of energy between particles and the vacuum via a
"vacuum thermostat". This idea can be developed as follows.
We saw earlier that the electron can be described by a model incorporating
a spherical surface for interactions with the surrounding space.
This surface seems to be the locus of interactions at the quark level. It
is also the site where particle charge quanta are stored; it is the core of
rest-mass particles. The surface determines the inner structure of a
counterpart of a Schwarzschild singularity in the quantum space-time of
particles. We will therefore treat this area as an absolute sink for vacuum
energy. This is in accordance with the analysis of Carroll (1991) who
concludes that "in addition to the motion of particle spin, there exists a
source-sink flow at right angles to the motion of spin-through the vortex
centre".
We assume that the vacuum space has an energy density $\rho_{0}$ (in terms
of mass).
It was established above, in the section dealing with the force action,
that the vacuum tube corresponds to a surface which has a radius equal to
the Plank radius. We can therefore also calculate the corresponding
"graviton" mass density in the vacuum from the relation between surface and
mass:
$$
A=\frac{\text { Surface }}{\text { Mass }}=\frac{\Phi_{P l}}{\Phi_{P l}
\cdot c T_{0} \cdot \rho_{0}}
$$
We thus have
$$
A \cdot c T_{0} \cdot \rho_{0}=1
$$
The density is:
$$
\rho_{0}=\frac{1}{A \cdot c T_{0}} \equiv \frac{2 \pi G}{A^{2} c^{2}}
$$
The energy inflow through the absorbing surface is:
$$
\frac{\mathrm{d} m_{e}}{\mathrm{~d} t}=c \rho_{0} \cdot A m_{e}
$$
The increase of energy causes the quantum-system's temperature to increase,
and at an equilibrium temperature it will radiate off energy with a Planck
spectrum.
As the radiating surface, we will use the surface corresponding to the time
constant in the electron system defined in the preceding section on the
fine structure constant. This time constant is assumed to be equal to the
length of the spiral in the electron system. The radiating surface is
consequently based on the quantum counterpart of the Compton wavelength:
$$
\Phi_{r a d}=\frac{1}{\pi} \ell^{2} \equiv
\frac{1}{\pi}\left(\frac{\hbar}{c m_{e}}\right)^{2}
$$
The radiation temperature depends on the relation between the absorbing and
the radiating surfaces:
$$
\frac{\Phi_{a b s}}{\Phi_{r a d}}=\frac{A m_{e}}{\frac{1}{\pi} \ell^{2}}
\equiv \frac{\alpha^{2}}{4}
$$
The temperature can be calculated with Stefan-Boltzmann's law:
$$
T=\sqrt[4]{\frac{\frac{\mathrm{d} m}{\mathrm{~d} t} \cdot c^{2}}{\sigma
\cdot \Phi_{\mathrm{rad}}}} \equiv \sqrt[4]{\frac{c^{3} \rho_{0}}{\sigma}
\cdot \frac{\Phi_{a b s}}{\Phi_{\mathrm{rad}}}}
$$
The radiation temperature is, finally:
$$
T=\sqrt[4]{\frac{2 \pi G c}{\sigma A^{2}} \cdot \frac{\alpha^{2}}{4}}
\approx 2.8^{\circ}[K]
$$
This temperature is in good agreement with the background
microwave-radiation from space. The de Broglie "thermostat" therefore
appears to be a very realistic notion.
It should be noted that the above approximate relation for radiation
temperature will give about the same result for a proton which radiates off
its energy via the electron layers in the hydrogen atom.
The relation between the absorbing and radiating surfaces has a basic form,
i.e. a function only of constants directly related to the vacuum space. The
background radiation could therefore also arise from sub-vacuum activities,
such as the spontaneous creation and absorption of electron-positron pairs
in accordance with the Dirac ether theory. The background radiation would
then be the visible sign of these processes, as well as the Universal
gravitational interaction.
If this is true, vacuum space itself could function as an absorbing medium
for electromagnetic energy. Whenever a photon intercepted a vacuum "hole"
it would lose one elementary quantum of energy while interacting with the
quantum volume that contains the "hole". One consequence of this is that
the cosmological redshift should be enhanced when electromagnetic waves
pass through areas of space with strong gravitational interactions, such as
in galaxies. This effect has been observed and has been analyzed by
Jaakkola (1977).
[end quote]
…On Thu, 30 May 2024 at 04:31, Francois Zinserling ***@***.***> wrote:
@LifeIsStrange <https://github.com/LifeIsStrange>
My reply not really on point with the main discussion, but just to
stimulate thought ...
An alternative to matter creation/destruction is matter/energy
conversion/recycling.
Electron/positron particle pair generation and annihilation is mostly
undisputed and is fairly well observed. I shrug at the claim that protons
and anti-protons are 'readily' produced though, while at the same time in
QED and QCD the proposed sub-content of a proton would make it
statistically nearly-impossible to produce 'by accident'.
btw as electron pair produce antiparticles, what would happen to them?
By the rules of particle production, conservation of charge, energy and
momentum is foremost (in a classic setting)
*Charge Rule*: Explains why generally an electron and positron is
observed, but does not forbid the creation of e.g. a zero charge neutron,
or even a neutral atom.
*Energy Rule*: Electron and positron needs to be able to annihilate again
to 0 mass, hence needed exact equal masses, although opposite charge. Here
atom or neutron is forbidden because it doesn't decay to 0 mass, as proton
and electron are typical decay products but (a) don't annihilate and (b)
cannot annihilate to 0 mass.
It is however allowed for an electron to have total energy $E = γmc^2$
content to equal the mass of a proton, so it is a possibility that
'neutrons' could form from a ZPF, decay immediately back to ZPF, *or*
decay into electron and proton with equal energies, electrons lose kinetic
energy rapidly due to collisions and protons remain stable. There-after
cannot annihilate because electron energy is too low and energy rule would
be violated.
By another small stretch of the imagination, and also elsewhere discussed,
ZPF content can be ejected from a black hole since it has no mass. So we
could (a) set quasars as the origins of the ZPF (=aether) and (b) look for
matter generation in quasar jets.
Purely some speculation though, but would also like to know how much of
this can be falsified.
I think I got a bit carried away though :)
—
Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub
<#223 (reply in thread)>,
or unsubscribe
<https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/AXUANG4G5EVSOZ2OVDWIQF3ZE3PURAVCNFSM6AAAAABINPQJDGVHI2DSMVQWIX3LMV43SRDJONRXK43TNFXW4Q3PNVWWK3TUHM4TMMBTGAZDO>
.
You are receiving this because you commented.Message ID:
***@***.***>
|
Beta Was this translation helpful? Give feedback.
-
|
Copied without permision and with rendering of the formulas (-:
|
Beta Was this translation helpful? Give feedback.
-
|
Good day Han,
I own the copyright. THe excerpt is from the Broberg article of 1993. In
fact, I wrote parts of it.
Roy
|
Beta Was this translation helpful? Give feedback.
-
|
Han, I neglected to thank you for the formulae. They appear correctly on
the journal website, where the file is built from scanned images.
R
…On Thu, 30 May 2024 at 14:39, Han de Bruijn ***@***.***> wrote:
Copied without permision and *with* rendering of the formulas (-:
Good day Francois,
I find your speculations stimulating, and wonder if the following
exposition might resonate with your ideas:
[begin quote]
We now return to de Broglie's thermodynamics, which, as noted earlier,
implies an exchange of energy between particles and the vacuum via a
"vacuum thermostat". This idea can be developed as follows.
We saw earlier that the electron can be described by a model incorporating
a spherical surface for interactions with the surrounding space.
This surface seems to be the locus of interactions at the quark level. It
is also the site where particle charge quanta are stored; it is the core of
rest-mass particles. The surface determines the inner structure of a
counterpart of a Schwarzschild singularity in the quantum space-time of
particles. We will therefore treat this area as an absolute sink for vacuum
energy. This is in accordance with the analysis of Carroll (1991) who
concludes that "in addition to the motion of particle spin, there exists a
source-sink flow at right angles to the motion of spin-through the vortex
centre".
We assume that the vacuum space has an energy density $\rho_{0}$ (in terms
of mass).
It was established above, in the section dealing with the force action,
that the vacuum tube corresponds to a surface which has a radius equal to
the Plank radius. We can therefore also calculate the corresponding
"graviton" mass density in the vacuum from the relation between surface and
mass:
$$ A=\frac{\text { Surface }}{\text { Mass }}=\frac{\Phi_{P l}}{\Phi_{P l}
\cdot c T_{0} \cdot \rho_{0}} $$
We thus have
$$ A \cdot c T_{0} \cdot \rho_{0}=1 $$
The density is:
$$ \rho_{0}=\frac{1}{A \cdot c T_{0}} \equiv \frac{2 \pi G}{A^{2} c^{2}} $$
The energy inflow through the absorbing surface is:
$$ \frac{\mathrm{d} m_{e}}{\mathrm{~d} t}=c \rho_{0} \cdot A m_{e} $$
The increase of energy causes the quantum-system's temperature to increase,
and at an equilibrium temperature it will radiate off energy with a Planck
spectrum.
As the radiating surface, we will use the surface corresponding to the time
constant in the electron system defined in the preceding section on the
fine structure constant. This time constant is assumed to be equal to the
length of the spiral in the electron system. The radiating surface is
consequently based on the quantum counterpart of the Compton wavelength:
$$ \Phi_{r a d}=\frac{1}{\pi} \ell^{2} \equiv
\frac{1}{\pi}\left(\frac{\hbar}{c m_{e}}\right)^{2} $$
The radiation temperature depends on the relation between the absorbing and
the radiating surfaces:
$$ \frac{\Phi_{a b s}}{\Phi_{r a d}}=\frac{A m_{e}}{\frac{1}{\pi}
\ell^{2}} \equiv \frac{\alpha^{2}}{4} $$
The temperature can be calculated with Stefan-Boltzmann's law:
$$ T=\sqrt[4]{\frac{\frac{\mathrm{d} m}{\mathrm{~d} t} \cdot c^{2}}{\sigma
\cdot \Phi_{\mathrm{rad}}}} \equiv \sqrt[4]{\frac{c^{3} \rho_{0}}{\sigma}
\cdot \frac{\Phi_{a b s}}{\Phi_{\mathrm{rad}}}} $$
The radiation temperature is, finally:
$$ T=\sqrt[4]{\frac{2 \pi G c}{\sigma A^{2}} \cdot \frac{\alpha^{2}}{4}}
\approx 2.8^{\circ}[K] $$
This temperature is in good agreement with the background
microwave-radiation from space. The de Broglie "thermostat" therefore
appears to be a very realistic notion.
It should be noted that the above approximate relation for radiation
temperature will give about the same result for a proton which radiates off
its energy via the electron layers in the hydrogen atom.
The relation between the absorbing and radiating surfaces has a basic form,
i.e. a function only of constants directly related to the vacuum space. The
background radiation could therefore also arise from sub-vacuum activities,
such as the spontaneous creation and absorption of electron-positron pairs
in accordance with the Dirac ether theory. The background radiation would
then be the visible sign of these processes, as well as the Universal
gravitational interaction.
If this is true, vacuum space itself could function as an absorbing medium
for electromagnetic energy. Whenever a photon intercepted a vacuum "hole"
it would lose one elementary quantum of energy while interacting with the
quantum volume that contains the "hole". One consequence of this is that
the cosmological redshift should be enhanced when electromagnetic waves
pass through areas of space with strong gravitational interactions, such as
in galaxies. This effect has been observed and has been analyzed by
Jaakkola (1977).
[end quote]
—
Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub
<#223 (reply in thread)>,
or unsubscribe
<https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/AXUANG2KIRTMDD7G6FXEXWTZE5W47AVCNFSM6AAAAABINPQJDGVHI2DSMVQWIX3LMV43SRDJONRXK43TNFXW4Q3PNVWWK3TUHM4TMMBZGIZTM>
.
You are receiving this because you commented.Message ID:
***@***.***>
|
Beta Was this translation helpful? Give feedback.
-
|
<100 years ago on this day, November 23, 1924, Edwin Hubble, then a thirty-five-year-old astronomer, had his findings first published in The New York Times, that there are distant stellar systems, that is, other “Island Universes”, beyond our own.> |
Beta Was this translation helpful? Give feedback.
-
A bit of history, things we already know.
"May/June 1922: Friedmann Imagines a Changing Universe — to Einstein’s Chagrin"
Alexander Friedmann used Einstein’s general theory of relativity to propose a universe that could expand or contract.
Beta Was this translation helpful? Give feedback.
All reactions