parse: fix the type of date/time parameters (#48237)

[ti-chi-bot]

This is an automated cherry-pick of #48237

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #45190

Problem Summary:

What is changed and how it works?

1. Refractor the stmtctx in parse to be types.Context.

2. Construct the date and time from string.

   I didn't construct the Datetime and Duration directly from the binary, because developing a binary version of ParseXXX can be a little complicated (especially for handling warnings/errors). To be simple and compatible with old versions, I re-use the string from old version and parse from it.

3. Refractor the function of parsing parameters into two parts: one for splitting binary protocols into multiple parameters, one for parsing the binary parameters into expressions. The second one needs to run after when the stmtctx is reset, so they need to be split. It also solves some historical problem, as I also saw HandleTruncates besides the date/time part.

Check List

Tests

• Unit test
• Integration test
• Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
• No need to test

  • I checked and no code files have been changed.

Release note

Please refer to Release Notes Language Style Guide to write a quality release note.

None

[ti-chi-bot]

This cherry pick PR is for a release branch and has not yet been approved by triage owners.
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@ti-chi-bot: The following tests failed, say /retest to rerun all failed tests or /retest-required to rerun all mandatory failed tests:

Test name	Commit	Details	Required	Rerun command
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/unit-test	81825b1	link	true	/test unit-test
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/check_dev_2	81825b1	link	true	/test check-dev2
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/check_dev	81825b1	link	true	/test check-dev
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/build	81825b1	link	true	/test build
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/mysql-test	81825b1	link	true	/test mysql-test

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