CLI: Teaching the CLI to flash binaries

[Erovia]

Description

Update qmk flash to flash compiled binaries.
Supporting the following bootloaders:

• Atmel DFU
• Caterina
• HalfKay/QMK HID
• STM32 DFU
• STM32duino
• APM32 DFU
• USBaspLoader
• USBtinyISP

Types of Changes

• Core
• Bugfix
• New feature
• Enhancement/optimization
• Keyboard (addition or update)
• Keymap/layout/userspace (addition or update)
• Documentation

Issues Fixed or Closed by This PR

Checklist

• My code follows the code style of this project: C, Python
• I have read the PR Checklist document and have made the appropriate changes.
• My change requires a change to the documentation.
• I have updated the documentation accordingly.
• I have read the CONTRIBUTING document.
• I have added tests to cover my changes.
• I have tested the changes and verified that they work and don't break anything (as well as I can manage).

[drashna]

I've tested avr's dfu, stm32 dfu, caterina, and hid bootloader (halfkey, lufa hid) and can verify that they work on Windows and MacOS (Intel)

[github-actions]

Thank you for your contribution!
This pull request has been automatically marked as stale because it has not had activity in the last 45 days. It will be closed in 30 days if no further activity occurs. Please feel free to give a status update now, or re-open when it's ready.
For maintainers: Please label with bug, awaiting review, breaking_change, in progress, or on hold to prevent the issue from being re-flagged.

[spidey3]

Tested on Linux with boards using dfu-programmer

[tzarc]

On Windows -- tested with:

• 32U4 -- dfu-programmer -- iris/rev4
• 32A -- usbasp -- coseyfannituti/mysterium
• STM32G474 -- dfu-util -- tzarc/djinn/rev1

On Windows -- Failing:

• GD32VF103 -- dfu-util -- handwired/onekey/sipeed_longan_nano

[nickb@nickb-desktop qmk_firmware]$ qmk flash handwired_onekey_sipeed_longan_nano_reset.bin
Flashing binary firmware...
Please reset your keyboard into bootloader mode now!
Press Ctrl-C to exit.

<class 'TypeError'>
☒ 'NoneType' object is not subscriptable
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "E:/QMK_MSYS/mingw64/lib/python3.10/site-packages/milc/milc.py", line 528, in __call__
    return self.__call__()
  File "E:/QMK_MSYS/mingw64/lib/python3.10/site-packages/milc/milc.py", line 533, in __call__
    return self._subcommand(self)
  File "E:/qmk_firmware/lib/python/qmk/decorators.py", line 27, in wrapper
    return func(*args, **kwargs)
  File "E:/qmk_firmware/lib/python/qmk/decorators.py", line 47, in wrapper
    return func(*args, **kwargs)
  File "E:/qmk_firmware/lib/python/qmk/cli/flash.py", line 72, in flash
    err, msg = flasher(cli.args.mcu, cli.args.filename)
  File "E:/qmk_firmware/lib/python/qmk/flashers.py", line 188, in flasher
    _flash_dfu_util(details, file.name)
  File "E:/qmk_firmware/lib/python/qmk/flashers.py", line 155, in _flash_dfu_util
    if details[0] == '1eaf' and details[1] == '0003':
TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not subscriptable

[tzarc]

And gd32v is now working.