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suz: A variety of fixes from close reading. Add schwa to pronunciatio…
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Expand Up @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ <h2 class="notoc flush"><a id="tochead">Contents</a></h2>


<p id="status">Updated
<!-- #BeginDate format:Sw1 -->11 November, 2023<!-- #EndDate -->
<!-- #BeginDate format:Sw1 -->13 November, 2023<!-- #EndDate -->
<span id="versionTop"></span>
</p>

Expand All @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ <h2 class="notoc flush"><a id="tochead">Contents</a></h2>


<div class="intro">
<p>This page brings together basic information about the Sunuwar (Kõits brese) script and its use for the Kiranti-Kõits language. It aims to provide a brief, descriptive summary of the modern, printed orthography and typographic features, and to advise how to write Kiranti-Kõits using Unicode.</p>
<p>This page brings together basic information about the Sunuwar (Kõits brese) script and its use for the Kiranti-Kõits (Mukhia) language. It aims to provide a brief, descriptive summary of the modern, printed orthography and typographic features, and to advise how to write Kiranti-Kõits using Unicode.</p>

<p>Spelling in Kiranti-Kõits in not standardised, and at least two different approaches can be found in contemporary publications. Throughout the page we will compare and contrast the orthographies used for the Hamso magazine and the Sikkim Herald. The former follows recent conventions promoted by the Sunuwar Welfare Society in Nepal, and the latter applies reforms advocated by Lal Shyakarelu Rapacha around the turn of the century. Both publications are still published following their respective orthographies.</p>

Expand All @@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ <h2 class="notoc flush"><a id="tochead">Contents</a></h2>

<details>
<summary class="instructions">Referencing this document</summary>
<p class="refLine"><small>Richard Ishida, Kiranti-Kõits (Sunuwar) Orthography Notes, <!-- #BeginDate format:En2 -->11-Nov-2023<!-- #EndDate -->, <a href="https://r12a.github.io/scripts/sunu/suz">https://r12a.github.io/scripts/sunu/suz</a></small></p>
<p class="refLine"><small>Richard Ishida, Kiranti-Kõits (Sunuwar) Orthography Notes, <!-- #BeginDate format:En2 -->13-Nov-2023<!-- #EndDate -->, <a href="https://r12a.github.io/scripts/sunu/suz">https://r12a.github.io/scripts/sunu/suz</a></small></p>
</details>

<p id="usage"></p>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -127,9 +127,10 @@ <h2>Usage &amp; history</h2>

<p>The modern form of the Sunuwar script was developed by Krishna Bahadur Jentich in 1942, to write the Sunwar language, The Sunwar language is spoken by around 40,000 people in Nepal and Sikkim (India)<tt>@Ethnologue,https://www.ethnologue.com/language/suz/</tt>, however the speakers usually write in Nepali using the Devanagari script. It is hoped that the inclusion of Sunuwar in the Unicode Standard, and help from UNESCO may begin to change that.</p>

<p>Since 1996 Sunuwar has been one of the official languages of Sikkim, where it is known as Mukhia. The script has been used in newspapers, government records, and other publications. In 2021 the Sikkim government mandated that state-run schools should offer instruction in both the primary language of the state and in a local language, which is likely to include Sunuwar.<tt>a</tt></p>
<p>Since 1996 Kiranti-Kõits has been one of the official languages of Sikkim, where it is known as Mukhia. The script has been used in newspapers, government records, and other publications. In 2021 the Sikkim government mandated that state-run schools should offer instruction in both the primary language of the state and in a local language, which is likely to include Sunuwar.<tt>a</tt></p>

<p><span class="eg" lang="suz">𑯆𑯑𑯃̃𑯌 𑯎𑯄𑯂𑯒𑯂</span></p>
<p>(Nepal)<span class="eg" lang="suz">𑯆𑯑𑯃̃𑯌 𑯎𑯄𑯂𑯒𑯂</span></p>
<p>(Sikkim)<span class="eg" lang="suz">𑯆𑯑𑯃̐𑯌 𑯎̭𑯂𑯒𑯂</span></p>

<p>Various additions and improvements have been made to the script, particularly around the turn of the century, and additional changes to the orthography were proposed as recently as the early 2020s. While there is no formal standard for the orthography, the Sunwar Welfare Society of Nepal promotes a repertoire that may be considered a de facto standard.<tt>a</tt> A slightly different set of orthographic rules are (still) used in the publication of the Sikkim Herald, originating from changes proposed by Lal Shyakarelu Rapacha, who created some of the first fonts for Sunuwar.</p>

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -198,14 +199,14 @@ <h3>Letters</h3>
<section id="index_letters_consonants">
<h4>Consonants</h4>

<figure class="characterBox noindex indexline" data-cols="" data-links="">𑯀␣𑯁␣𑯄␣𑯆␣𑯇␣𑯉␣𑯊␣𑯋␣𑯌␣𑯍␣𑯎␣𑯏␣𑯐␣𑯒␣𑯓␣𑯔␣𑯗␣𑯘␣𑯙␣𑯚␣𑯛␣𑯜␣𑯝␣𑯞␣𑯟␣𑯠</figure>
<figure class="characterBox noindex indexline" data-cols="">𑯀␣𑯁␣𑯄␣𑯆␣𑯇␣𑯉␣𑯊␣𑯋␣𑯌␣𑯍␣𑯎␣𑯏␣𑯐␣𑯒␣𑯓␣𑯔␣𑯕␣𑯗␣𑯘␣𑯙␣𑯚␣𑯛␣𑯜␣𑯝␣𑯞␣𑯟␣𑯠</figure>
</section>


<section id="index_letters_vowels">
<h4>Vowels</h4>

<figure class="characterBox noindex indexline" data-cols="" data-links="">𑯂␣𑯃␣𑯅␣𑯈␣𑯑␣𑯖</figure>
<figure class="characterBox noindex indexline" data-cols="">𑯂␣𑯃␣𑯅␣𑯈␣𑯑␣𑯖</figure>
</section>
</details>
</section>
Expand All @@ -217,7 +218,7 @@ <h3>Combining marks</h3>
<details>
<summary class="instructions">Show</summary>

<figure class="characterBox noindex indexline" data-cols="" data-links="">̀␣́␣̃␣̍␣̐␣̭␣̱␣᷵</figure>
<figure class="characterBox noindex indexline" data-cols="">̀␣́␣̃␣̍␣̐␣̭␣̱␣᷵</figure>
</details>
</section>

Expand All @@ -229,12 +230,12 @@ <h3>Punctuation</h3>
<details>
<summary class="instructions">Show</summary>

<figure class="characterBox noindex indexline" data-cols="" data-links="">‘␣’␣“␣”␣𐵮</figure>
<figure class="characterBox noindex indexline" data-cols="">‘␣’␣“␣”␣𐵮␣…</figure>


<section id="index_punctuation_ascii">
<h4>ASCII</h4>
<figure class="characterBox noindex indexline" data-cols="" data-links="">,␣;␣:␣.␣?␣!␣(␣)</figure>
<figure class="characterBox noindex indexline" data-cols="">,␣;␣:␣.␣?␣!␣(␣)␣%␣-␣[␣]</figure>
</section>
</details>
</section>
Expand All @@ -247,7 +248,7 @@ <h3>Symbols</h3>
<details>
<summary class="instructions">Show</summary>

<figure class="characterBox noindex indexline" data-cols="" data-links="">𑯡</figure>
<figure class="characterBox noindex indexline" data-cols="">𑯡</figure>
</details>
</section>

Expand All @@ -259,7 +260,7 @@ <h3>Numbers</h3>
<details>
<summary class="instructions">Show</summary>

<figure class="characterBox noindex indexline" data-cols="" data-links="">𑯰␣𑯱␣𑯲␣𑯳␣𑯴␣𑯵␣𑯶␣𑯷␣𑯸␣𑯹</figure>
<figure class="characterBox noindex indexline" data-cols="">𑯰␣𑯱␣𑯲␣𑯳␣𑯴␣𑯵␣𑯶␣𑯷␣𑯸␣𑯹</figure>
</details>
</section>

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -317,7 +318,7 @@ <h2>Alphabets</h2>
<section id="phonology">
<h2>Phonology</h2>

<p>The following represents the general repertoire of the Sunwar language.</p>
<p>The following represents the general repertoire of the Kiranti-Kõits language.</p>



Expand Down Expand Up @@ -387,6 +388,10 @@ <h4>Plain vowels</h4>
<!-- close mid -->
<text x="57" y="75" text-anchor="end"><tspan class="ipa">ẽ</tspan> <tspan class="ipa">eː</tspan> <tspan class="ipa">e</tspan></text>

<!-- mid -->
<text x="158" y="105" text-anchor="middle" filter="url(#solid)"><tspan class="ipa">ə</tspan></text>
<text x="158" y="105" text-anchor="middle"><tspan class="allophone">ə</tspan></text>

<text x="250" y="75"><tspan class="ipa">o</tspan> <tspan class="ipa">oː</tspan> <tspan class="ipa">õ</tspan> </text>


Expand Down Expand Up @@ -462,7 +467,7 @@ <h4>Diphthongs</h4>
</div>
</section>

<p>The sound <span class="ipa">a</span> may produced phonetically as <span class="ipa">ə</span>. It is placed in the chart in a position that indicates the general area of production. Other allophones include <span class="ipa">y</span> and <span class="ipa">ɛ</span>.</p>
<p>The sound <span class="ipa">a</span> may be produced phonetically as <span class="ipa">ə</span>. It is placed in the chart in a position that indicates the general area of production. Other allophones include <span class="ipa">y</span> and <span class="ipa">ɛ</span>.</p>

<p class="instructions">Source <tt>@Wikipedia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunwar_language#Phonology</tt></p>
</section>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -732,6 +737,9 @@ <h3>Standalone vowels</h3>
<p>In Nepal, no distinction is made between letters to represent standalone vowels and other vowel usage.</p>

<p>In the Sikkim Herald a word-initial <span class="ipa">ə</span> tends to be represented by <span class="ch">𑯈</span>. When the same sound occurs within a word it is treated as the inherent vowel in Sikkim, and is therefore not written.</p>

<p><span class="eg" lang="suz" dir="ltr">𑯂𑯆𑯑</span></p>
<p><span class="eg" lang="suz" dir="ltr">𑯄𑯂𑯅</span></p>
</section>


Expand All @@ -748,14 +756,19 @@ <h3>Standalone vowels</h3>
<h3>Vowel length</h3>

<figure class="characterBox auto" data-cols="trans,transc">:</figure>
<p>The script made no distinction between short vs. long vowels until around the turn of the century, when Rapacha introduced a mark called <span class="name">laissi</span> that looks identical to a colon. This mark is represented in Unicode using the ASCII <span class="hx img">003A</span> after a vowel letter, and is widely used in Sikkim and Nepal.</p>
<p>The script made no distinction between short vs. long vowels until around the turn of the century, when Rapacha introduced a mark called <span class="name">laissi</span> that looks identical to a colon. This mark is represented in Unicode using the ASCII <span class="hx">003A</span> after a vowel letter, and is widely used in Sikkim and Nepal.</p>

<p><span class="charExample" translate="no"><span class="ex" lang="suz">𑯊𑯑:𑯇 𑯁𑯍𑯖𑯁𑯍</span> <span class="transc">goːm tənaːtən</span></span>
</p>
<p><span class="eg" lang="suz" dir="ltr">𑯀𑯂̃:</span></p>
<p><span class="eg" lang="suz" dir="ltr">𑯗𑯑̃:𑯊𑯖</span></p>

<p class="btw">In some sources the vowel lengthener has been surrounded by parentheses, in order to distinguish it from an actual colon, but this is not mainstream.</p>
<!--p><span class="charExample" translate="no"><span class="ex" lang="suz">𑯊𑯑:𑯇 𑯁𑯍𑯖𑯁𑯍</span> <span class="transc">goːm tənaːtən</span></span>
</p-->

<p>Because <span class="hx">003A</span> is sometimes also used as a punctuation mark, if it follows a vowel letter the colon is typically preceded by a space, to make it clear that it is not a vowel lengthener. Note the different usage in the following extract:</p>

<p>Because <span class="hx">003A</span> is sometimes also used as a punctuation mark, if it follows a vowel letter the colon is typically preceded by a space, to make it clear that it is not a vowel lengthener.</p>
<p><span class="charExample" translate="no"><span class="ex" lang="suz">𑯛𑯃̐ 𑯓𑯖𑯃𑯌𑯃 : 𑯘𑯃𑯜𑯑𑯖 𑯒𑯖̐ 𑯛𑯖:𑯁…</span></span></p>

<p class="btw">In some sources the vowel lengthener has been surrounded by parentheses, in order to distinguish it from an actual colon, but this is not mainstream.</p>

<p>The letter <span class="ch img">𑯖</span> was also added to the script in the early 2000s, ostensibly as a long <span class="ipa">aː</span> vowel, contrasting with the letter <span class="ch img">𑯈</span>, which was used for the short vowel.</p>

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -806,20 +819,26 @@ <h3>Nasalisation</h3>
<section id="tones">
<h3>Tones</h3>

<p>Although the Sunuwar language has 4 tones (see <a class="secref">tone</a>), they have not been marked in Sunuwar orthography until recently, when Sunuwar experts in Nepal recommended the use of 3 new tone diacritics. The code points come from outside the Sunuwar block.</p>
<p>Although the Sunuwar language has 4 tones (see <a class="secref">tone</a>), they have not been marked in Sunuwar orthography until recently, when Sunuwar experts in Nepal recommended the use of 3 new tone diacritics. The code points come from outside the Sunuwar block. The fourth tone is unmarked.</p>

<figure class="characterBox auto" data-notes="stress,high,low" data-cols="trans,transc">̍␣́␣̀</figure>

<p>The first is described as a stress mark, and the other 2 as high and low tone marks, respectively. Over dipthongs the tone mark tends to appear over the first vowel, and the nasalisation mark over the second, avoiding the need for stacked glyphs.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="suz/ex_tones_nepal.png" class="ex" lang="suz" alt="𑯆𑯑̍𑯃̃𑯌 𑯌𑯅𑯁𑯐𑯅́"></p>


<figure id="ex_tones_nepal" class="sideCaption">
<p><img src="suz/ex_tones_nepal.png" class="ex" lang="suz" alt="𑯆𑯑̍𑯃̃𑯌 𑯌𑯅𑯁𑯐𑯅́"></p>
<figcaption>Examples of tone marks in Nepalese Sunuwar.</figcaption>
</figure>
<details class="figureSub"><summary>show composition</summary><p><span class="charExample" translate="no"><span class="ex" lang="suz">𑯆𑯑̍𑯃̃𑯌 𑯌𑯅𑯁𑯐𑯅́…</span></span></p></details>

<p>The following examples show contrasting use for words:</p>
<p><span class="eg" lang="suz">𑯊𑯂̍</span></p>
<p><span class="eg" lang="suz">𑯊𑯂̀</span></p>
<p><span class="eg" lang="suz">𑯊𑯂́</span></p>
<p><span class="eg" lang="suz">𑯊𑯂</span></p>

<p class="observation"><span class="leadin">Observation:</span> It's not clear how those map to the tones <a href="#tone">described by Jentich</a>.</p>
<p class="observation"><span class="leadin">Observation:</span> It's not totally clear how those map to the tones <a href="#tone">described by Jentich</a>, but presumably the unmarked tone is the flat, long mid tone; the stress tone is initially low and low but turns upwards to the normal pitch at the end; the high tone rises quickly from mid to high register; and the low tone is the short, low drop.</p>
</section>


Expand Down Expand Up @@ -1146,6 +1165,8 @@ <h4>In Nepal</h4>
<section id="onsets_sikkim">
<h4>In Sikkim</h4>

<figure class="characterBox auto" data-ignore="◌" data-cols="ipa,trans,transc">̭</figure>

<p>In Sikkim, onset clusters involving a medial <span class="ipa">-j</span> are written using the virama-like <span class="ch svg">̱</span> (see <a class="secref">sikkim_clusters</a>).</p>

<p>A special combining mark, <span class="hx svg">032D</span> (called <span class="name">sangrums</span>) may also be used below an initial consonant to represent a medial <span class="ipa">-r</span>.</p>
Expand Down

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