[v23.2.x] c/tx_gt_frontend: do not retry when not leader for tx topic partition

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #14420 to branch v23.2.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.2.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-14420-v23.2.x-932
git cherry-pick -x bc1059fc95a3ae51760cd6f24b9558563cda5fc9 f1b96f0ca19d4c932417a5214874f158d7b7d022

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-14420-v23.2.x-932
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.2.x] c/tx_gt_frontend: do not retry when not leader for `tx` topic partition" \
  --base "v23.2.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-14420-v23.2.x-932" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --reviewer "" \
  --milestone "v23.2.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/14420 "