[v23.3.x] s/disk_log_impl: don't prefix-truncate empty segments

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #19790 to branch v23.3.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.3.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-19790-v23.3.x-518
git cherry-pick -x 963ff237c08eef00a09b49cd4af1d9ee15ef20c1

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-19790-v23.3.x-518
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.3.x] s/disk_log_impl: don't prefix-truncate empty segments" \
  --base "v23.3.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-19790-v23.3.x-518" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v23.3.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/19790 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-4173](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-4173)

[ztlpn]

Fixed by #19838