Extend default decomposition of cirq.ControlledGate and `cirq.Contr…

…olledOperation` to end in X/Y/Z/CZ target gateset (quantumlib#5091)

When decomposed, controlled gates and operations simply fall back on the decomposition of underlying sub_gate / sub_operation and return apply appropriate controls to each decomposed operation. 

If we can ensure that all underlying gates / operations decompose to X/Y/Z/CZ target gateset, then their controlled versions will decompose to:
 - Multi controlled single qubit rotations (corresponding to (X/Y/Z).controlled_by(...)) OR
 - Multi controlled CZs, which is also equivalent to a multi controlled single qubit rotation (Z.controlled_by(...))

In Cirq, we have an analytical method to decompose a multi controlled rotation into X/Y/Z/CZ - `cirq.decompose_multi_controlled_rotation`, which is now used in the `_decompose_` method of controlled gates. 

However, there are many corner cases and limitations of the current approach, which are dealt appropriately in this PR to enable a "best-effort" decomposition of controlled gates to the cirq target gateset. Some of the limitations are:
 - If decomposition of sub_gate / sub_operation ignores global phase, then the controlled operation cannot directly rely on decomposing the sub operation. An explicit check is added to not fallback on sub_gate if sub_gate is a  MatrixGate.
 - `decompose_multi_controlled_rotation` works only for qubits (doesn't work for qudits) and when all control_values are 1. Appropriate logic is added to extend its functionality to handle control_values which are 0 or (0, 1). 
 - We have explicit types for a few important controlled gates, like `CCZ`, `CZ`, `CCX`, `CX` etc. in cirq. Appropriate type conversion logic is added to smartly infer the types of equivalent gates (eg: Controlled(sub_gate=CZ) should be inferred as CCZ) such that their decompositions can be used for decomposing the controlled gates. 


This is definitely the most tricky one to get right and I've added appropriate tests to cover the different cases. 


Part of quantumlib#4858

cirq-core/cirq/ops/controlled_gate.py

@@ -36,6 +36,10 @@
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     import cirq
 
+controlled_gate_decomposition = _import.LazyLoader(
+    'controlled_gate_decomposition', globals(), 'cirq.transformers.analytical_decompositions'
+)
+common_gates = _import.LazyLoader('common_gates', globals(), 'cirq.ops')
 line_qubit = _import.LazyLoader('line_qubit', globals(), 'cirq.devices')
 
 
@@ -156,6 +160,40 @@ def _qid_shape_(self) -> Tuple[int, ...]:
         return self.control_qid_shape + protocols.qid_shape(self.sub_gate)
 
     def _decompose_(self, qubits):
+        if (
+            protocols.has_unitary(self.sub_gate)
+            and protocols.num_qubits(self.sub_gate) == 1
+            and self._qid_shape_() == (2,) * len(self._qid_shape_())
+        ):
+            control_qubits = list(qubits[: self.num_controls()])
+            invert_ops: List['cirq.Operation'] = []
+            for cvals, cqbit in zip(self.control_values, qubits[: self.num_controls()]):
+                if set(cvals) == {0}:
+                    invert_ops.append(common_gates.X(cqbit))
+                elif set(cvals) == {0, 1}:
+                    control_qubits.remove(cqbit)
+            decomposed_ops = controlled_gate_decomposition.decompose_multi_controlled_rotation(
+                protocols.unitary(self.sub_gate), control_qubits, qubits[-1]
+            )
+            return invert_ops + decomposed_ops + invert_ops
+
+        if isinstance(self.sub_gate, common_gates.CZPowGate):
+            z_sub_gate = common_gates.ZPowGate(
+                exponent=self.sub_gate.exponent, global_shift=self.sub_gate.global_shift
+            )
+            kwargs = {
+                'num_controls': self.num_controls() + 1,
+                'control_values': self.control_values + (1,),
+                'control_qid_shape': self.control_qid_shape + (2,),
+            }
+            controlled_z = (
+                z_sub_gate.controlled(**kwargs)
+                if protocols.is_parameterized(self)
+                else ControlledGate(z_sub_gate, **kwargs)
+            )
+            if self != controlled_z:
+                return protocols.decompose_once_with_qubits(controlled_z, qubits, NotImplemented)
+
         if isinstance(self.sub_gate, matrix_gates.MatrixGate):
             # Default decompositions of 2/3 qubit `cirq.MatrixGate` ignores global phase, which is
             # local phase in the controlled variant and hence cannot be ignored.
@@ -170,7 +208,7 @@ def _decompose_(self, qubits):
         decomposed: List['cirq.Operation'] = []
         for op in result:
             decomposed.append(
-                cop.ControlledOperation(qubits[: self.num_controls()], op, self.control_values)
+                op.controlled_by(*qubits[: self.num_controls()], control_values=self.control_values)
             )
         return decomposed
 

cirq-core/cirq/ops/controlled_gate_test.py

@@ -39,19 +39,28 @@ def __repr__(self):
 
 
 class GateAllocatingNewSpaceForResult(cirq.SingleQubitGate):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._matrix = cirq.testing.random_unitary(2, random_state=4321)
+
     def _apply_unitary_(self, args: cirq.ApplyUnitaryArgs) -> Union[np.ndarray, NotImplementedType]:
         assert len(args.axes) == 1
         a = args.axes[0]
         seed = cast(Tuple[Union[int, slice, 'ellipsis'], ...], (slice(None),))
         zero = seed * a + (0, Ellipsis)
         one = seed * a + (1, Ellipsis)
         result = np.zeros(args.target_tensor.shape, args.target_tensor.dtype)
-        result[zero] = args.target_tensor[zero] * 2 + args.target_tensor[one] * 3
-        result[one] = args.target_tensor[zero] * 5 + args.target_tensor[one] * 7
+        result[zero] = (
+            args.target_tensor[zero] * self._matrix[0][0]
+            + args.target_tensor[one] * self._matrix[0][1]
+        )
+        result[one] = (
+            args.target_tensor[zero] * self._matrix[1][0]
+            + args.target_tensor[one] * self._matrix[1][1]
+        )
         return result
 
     def _unitary_(self):
-        return np.array([[2, 3], [5, 7]])
+        return self._matrix
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return isinstance(other, type(self))
@@ -316,28 +325,42 @@ def test_unitary():
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    'gate',
+    'gate, should_decompose_to_target',
     [
-        cirq.X,
-        cirq.X ** 0.5,
-        cirq.rx(np.pi),
-        cirq.rx(np.pi / 2),
-        cirq.Z,
-        cirq.H,
-        cirq.CNOT,
-        cirq.SWAP,
-        cirq.CCZ,
-        cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.CCZ)),
-        GateUsingWorkspaceForApplyUnitary(),
-        GateAllocatingNewSpaceForResult(),
-        cirq.IdentityGate(qid_shape=(3, 4)),
+        (cirq.X, True),
+        (cirq.X ** 0.5, True),
+        (cirq.rx(np.pi), True),
+        (cirq.rx(np.pi / 2), True),
+        (cirq.Z, True),
+        (cirq.H, True),
+        (cirq.CNOT, True),
+        (cirq.SWAP, True),
+        (cirq.CCZ, True),
+        (cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.CCZ)), True),
+        (GateUsingWorkspaceForApplyUnitary(), True),
+        (GateAllocatingNewSpaceForResult(), True),
+        (cirq.IdentityGate(qid_shape=(3, 4)), True),
+        (
+            cirq.ControlledGate(
+                cirq.XXPowGate(exponent=0.25, global_shift=-0.5),
+                num_controls=2,
+                control_values=(1, (1, 0)),
+            ),
+            True,
+        ),
         # Single qudit gate with dimension 4.
-        cirq.MatrixGate(np.kron(*(cirq.unitary(cirq.H),) * 2)),
+        (cirq.MatrixGate(np.kron(*(cirq.unitary(cirq.H),) * 2), qid_shape=(4,)), False),
+        (cirq.MatrixGate(cirq.testing.random_unitary(4, random_state=1234)), False),
+        (cirq.XX ** sympy.Symbol("s"), True),
+        (cirq.CZ ** sympy.Symbol("s"), True),
     ],
 )
-def test_controlled_gate_is_consistent(gate: cirq.Gate):
+def test_controlled_gate_is_consistent(gate: cirq.Gate, should_decompose_to_target):
     cgate = cirq.ControlledGate(gate)
     cirq.testing.assert_implements_consistent_protocols(cgate)
+    cirq.testing.assert_decompose_ends_at_default_gateset(
+        cgate, ignore_known_gates=not should_decompose_to_target
+    )
 
 
 def test_pow_inverse():

cirq-core/cirq/ops/controlled_operation.py

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 
 from cirq import protocols, qis, value
 from cirq._compat import deprecated
-from cirq.ops import raw_types, gate_operation, controlled_gate
+from cirq.ops import raw_types, gate_operation, controlled_gate, matrix_gates
 from cirq.type_workarounds import NotImplementedType
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -130,11 +130,22 @@ def with_qubits(self, *new_qubits):
         )
 
     def _decompose_(self):
+        result = protocols.decompose_once_with_qubits(self.gate, self.qubits, NotImplemented)
+        if result is not NotImplemented:
+            return result
+
+        if isinstance(self.sub_operation.gate, matrix_gates.MatrixGate):
+            # Default decompositions of 2/3 qubit `cirq.MatrixGate` ignores global phase, which is
+            # local phase in the controlled variant and hence cannot be ignored.
+            return NotImplemented
+
         result = protocols.decompose_once(self.sub_operation, NotImplemented)
         if result is NotImplemented:
             return NotImplemented
 
-        return [ControlledOperation(self.controls, op, self.control_values) for op in result]
+        return [
+            op.controlled_by(*self.controls, control_values=self.control_values) for op in result
+        ]
 
     def _value_equality_values_(self):
         return (frozenset(zip(self.controls, self.control_values)), self.sub_operation)

cirq-core/cirq/ops/controlled_operation_test.py

@@ -40,19 +40,28 @@ def __repr__(self):
 
 
 class GateAllocatingNewSpaceForResult(cirq.SingleQubitGate):
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._matrix = cirq.testing.random_unitary(2, random_state=1234)
+
     def _apply_unitary_(self, args: cirq.ApplyUnitaryArgs) -> Union[np.ndarray, NotImplementedType]:
         assert len(args.axes) == 1
         a = args.axes[0]
         seed = cast(Tuple[Union[int, slice, 'ellipsis'], ...], (slice(None),))
         zero = seed * a + (0, Ellipsis)
         one = seed * a + (1, Ellipsis)
         result = np.zeros(args.target_tensor.shape, args.target_tensor.dtype)
-        result[zero] = args.target_tensor[zero] * 2 + args.target_tensor[one] * 3
-        result[one] = args.target_tensor[zero] * 5 + args.target_tensor[one] * 7
+        result[zero] = (
+            args.target_tensor[zero] * self._matrix[0][0]
+            + args.target_tensor[one] * self._matrix[0][1]
+        )
+        result[one] = (
+            args.target_tensor[zero] * self._matrix[1][0]
+            + args.target_tensor[one] * self._matrix[1][1]
+        )
         return result
 
     def _unitary_(self):
-        return np.array([[2, 3], [5, 7]])
+        return self._matrix
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return isinstance(other, type(self))
@@ -297,33 +306,82 @@ class UndiagrammableGate(cirq.SingleQubitGate):
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    'gate',
+    'gate, should_decompose_to_target',
     [
-        cirq.X(cirq.NamedQubit('q1')),
-        cirq.X(cirq.NamedQubit('q1')) ** 0.5,
-        cirq.rx(np.pi)(cirq.NamedQubit('q1')),
-        cirq.rx(np.pi / 2)(cirq.NamedQubit('q1')),
-        cirq.Z(cirq.NamedQubit('q1')),
-        cirq.H(cirq.NamedQubit('q1')),
-        cirq.CNOT(cirq.NamedQubit('q1'), cirq.NamedQubit('q2')),
-        cirq.SWAP(cirq.NamedQubit('q1'), cirq.NamedQubit('q2')),
-        cirq.CCZ(cirq.NamedQubit('q1'), cirq.NamedQubit('q2'), cirq.NamedQubit('q3')),
-        cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.CCZ))(*cirq.LineQubit.range(5)),
-        GateUsingWorkspaceForApplyUnitary()(cirq.NamedQubit('q1')),
-        GateAllocatingNewSpaceForResult()(cirq.NamedQubit('q1')),
+        (cirq.X(cirq.NamedQubit('q1')), True),
+        (cirq.X(cirq.NamedQubit('q1')) ** 0.5, True),
+        (cirq.rx(np.pi)(cirq.NamedQubit('q1')), True),
+        (cirq.rx(np.pi / 2)(cirq.NamedQubit('q1')), True),
+        (cirq.Z(cirq.NamedQubit('q1')), True),
+        (cirq.H(cirq.NamedQubit('q1')), True),
+        (cirq.CNOT(cirq.NamedQubit('q1'), cirq.NamedQubit('q2')), True),
+        (cirq.SWAP(cirq.NamedQubit('q1'), cirq.NamedQubit('q2')), True),
+        (cirq.CCZ(cirq.NamedQubit('q1'), cirq.NamedQubit('q2'), cirq.NamedQubit('q3')), True),
+        (cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.ControlledGate(cirq.CCZ))(*cirq.LineQubit.range(5)), True),
+        (GateUsingWorkspaceForApplyUnitary()(cirq.NamedQubit('q1')), True),
+        (GateAllocatingNewSpaceForResult()(cirq.NamedQubit('q1')), True),
+        (
+            cirq.MatrixGate(np.kron(*(cirq.unitary(cirq.H),) * 2), qid_shape=(4,)).on(
+                cirq.NamedQid("q", 4)
+            ),
+            False,
+        ),
+        (
+            cirq.MatrixGate(cirq.testing.random_unitary(4, random_state=1234)).on(
+                cirq.NamedQubit('q1'), cirq.NamedQubit('q2')
+            ),
+            False,
+        ),
+        (cirq.XX(cirq.NamedQubit('q1'), cirq.NamedQubit('q2')) ** sympy.Symbol("s"), True),
+        (cirq.DiagonalGate(sympy.symbols("s1, s2")).on(cirq.NamedQubit("q")), False),
     ],
 )
-def test_controlled_operation_is_consistent(gate: cirq.GateOperation):
+def test_controlled_operation_is_consistent(
+    gate: cirq.GateOperation, should_decompose_to_target: bool
+):
     cb = cirq.NamedQubit('ctr')
     cgate = cirq.ControlledOperation([cb], gate)
     cirq.testing.assert_implements_consistent_protocols(cgate)
+    cirq.testing.assert_decompose_ends_at_default_gateset(
+        cgate, ignore_known_gates=not should_decompose_to_target
+    )
 
     cgate = cirq.ControlledOperation([cb], gate, control_values=[0])
     cirq.testing.assert_implements_consistent_protocols(cgate)
+    cirq.testing.assert_decompose_ends_at_default_gateset(
+        cgate, ignore_known_gates=(not should_decompose_to_target or cirq.is_parameterized(gate))
+    )
+
+    cgate = cirq.ControlledOperation([cb], gate, control_values=[(0, 1)])
+    cirq.testing.assert_implements_consistent_protocols(cgate)
+    cirq.testing.assert_decompose_ends_at_default_gateset(
+        cgate, ignore_known_gates=(not should_decompose_to_target or cirq.is_parameterized(gate))
+    )
 
     cb3 = cb.with_dimension(3)
     cgate = cirq.ControlledOperation([cb3], gate, control_values=[(0, 2)])
     cirq.testing.assert_implements_consistent_protocols(cgate)
+    cirq.testing.assert_decompose_ends_at_default_gateset(cgate)
+
+
+def test_controlled_circuit_operation_is_consistent():
+    op = cirq.CircuitOperation(
+        cirq.FrozenCircuit(
+            cirq.XXPowGate(exponent=0.25, global_shift=-0.5).on(*cirq.LineQubit.range(2))
+        )
+    )
+    cb = cirq.NamedQubit('ctr')
+    cop = cirq.ControlledOperation([cb], op)
+    cirq.testing.assert_implements_consistent_protocols(cop, exponents=(-1, 1, 2))
+    cirq.testing.assert_decompose_ends_at_default_gateset(cop)
+
+    cop = cirq.ControlledOperation([cb], op, control_values=[0])
+    cirq.testing.assert_implements_consistent_protocols(cop, exponents=(-1, 1, 2))
+    cirq.testing.assert_decompose_ends_at_default_gateset(cop)
+
+    cop = cirq.ControlledOperation([cb], op, control_values=[(0, 1)])
+    cirq.testing.assert_implements_consistent_protocols(cop, exponents=(-1, 1, 2))
+    cirq.testing.assert_decompose_ends_at_default_gateset(cop)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('resolve_fn', [cirq.resolve_parameters, cirq.resolve_parameters_once])

cirq-core/cirq/testing/consistent_decomposition.py

@@ -53,16 +53,22 @@ def _known_gate_with_no_decomposition(val: Any):
     """Checks whether `val` is a known gate with no default decomposition to default gateset."""
     if isinstance(val, ops.MatrixGate):
         return protocols.qid_shape(val) not in [(2,), (2,) * 2, (2,) * 3]
+    if isinstance(val, ops.ControlledGate):
+        if protocols.is_parameterized(val):
+            return True
+        if isinstance(val.sub_gate, ops.MatrixGate) and protocols.num_qubits(val.sub_gate) > 1:
+            return True
+        if val.control_qid_shape != (2,) * val.num_controls():
+            return True
+        return _known_gate_with_no_decomposition(val.sub_gate)
     return False
 
 
-def assert_decompose_ends_at_default_gateset(val: Any):
+def assert_decompose_ends_at_default_gateset(val: Any, ignore_known_gates: bool = True):
     """Asserts that cirq.decompose(val) ends at default cirq gateset or a known gate."""
-    if _known_gate_with_no_decomposition(val):
-        return  # coverage: ignore
     args = () if isinstance(val, ops.Operation) else (tuple(devices.LineQid.for_gate(val)),)
     dec_once = protocols.decompose_once(val, [val(*args[0]) if args else val], *args)
     for op in [*ops.flatten_to_ops(protocols.decompose(d) for d in dec_once)]:
-        assert _known_gate_with_no_decomposition(op.gate) or (
+        assert (_known_gate_with_no_decomposition(op.gate) and ignore_known_gates) or (
             op in protocols.decompose_protocol.DECOMPOSE_TARGET_GATESET
         ), f'{val} decomposed to {op}, which is not part of default cirq target gateset.'