Auto merge of #78588 - HeroicKatora:sccc, r=nikomatsakis

Reworks Sccc computation to iteration instead of recursion

Linear graphs, producing as many scc's as nodes, would recurse once for every node when entered from the start of the list. This adds a test that exhausted the stack at least on my machine with error:

```
thread 'graph::scc::tests::test_deep_linear' has overflowed its stack
fatal runtime error: stack overflow
```

This may or may not be connected to #78567. I was only reminded that I started this rework some time ago. It might be plausible as borrow checking a long function with many borrow regions around each other—((((((…))))))— may produce the linear list setup to trigger this stack overflow ? I don't know enough about borrow check to say for sure.

This is best read in two separate commits. The first addresses only `find_state` internally. This is classical union phase from union-find. There's also a common solution of using the parent pointers in the (virtual) linked list to track the backreferences while traversing upwards and then following them backwards in a second path compression phase.

The second is more involved as it rewrites the mutually recursive `walk_node` and `walk_unvisited_node`. Firstly, the caller is required to handle the unvisited case of `walk_node` so a new `start_walk_from` method is added to handle that by walking the unvisited node if necessary. Then `walk_unvisited_node`, where we would previously recurse into in the missing case, is rewritten to construct a manual stack of its frames. The state fields consist of the previous stack slots.