OpenDrop is a command-line tool that allows sharing files between devices directly over Wi-Fi. Its unique feature is that it is protocol-compatible with Apple AirDrop which allows to share files with Apple devices running iOS and macOS.
Currently (and probably also for the foreseeable future), OpenDrop only supports sending to Apple devices that are discoverable by everybody as the default contacts only mode requires Apple-signed certificates.
We support contacts-only devices by using extracted AirDrop credentials (keys and certificates) from macOS via our keychain extractor.
OpenDrop is experimental software and is the result of reverse engineering efforts by the Open Wireless Link project. Therefore, it does not support all features of AirDrop or might be incompatible with future AirDrop versions. OpenDrop is not affiliated with or endorsed by Apple Inc. Use this code at your own risk.
To achieve compatibility with Apple AirDrop, OpenDrop requires the target platform to support a specific Wi-Fi link layer. In addition, it requires Python >=3.6 as well as several libraries.
Apple Wireless Direct Link. As AirDrop exclusively runs over Apple Wireless Direct Link (AWDL), OpenDrop is only supported on macOS or on Linux systems running an open re-implementation of AWDL such as OWL.
Libraries. OpenDrop relies on a current version of libarchive. macOS ships with a rather old version, so you will need to install a newer version, for example, via Homebrew:
brew install libarchiveOpenDrop automatically sets DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH to look for the Homebrew version. You may need to update the variable yourself if you install the libraries differently.
Linux distributions should ship with more up-to-date versions, so this won't be necessary.
Installation of the Python package release is straightforward using pip3:
pip3 install opendrop
You can also install the current development version by first cloning this repository, and then installing it via pip3:
git clone https://github.com/seemoo-lab/opendrop.git
pip3 install ./opendrop
We briefly explain how to send and receive files using opendrop.
To see all command line options, run opendrop -h.
Sending a file is typically a two-step procedure. You first discover devices in proximity using the find command.
Stop the process once you have found the receiver.
$ opendrop find
Looking for receivers. Press Ctrl+C to stop ...
Found index 0 ID eccb2f2dcfe7 name John’s iPhone
Found index 1 ID e63138ac6ba8 name Jane’s MacBook Pro
You can then send a file (or link, see below) using
$ opendrop send -r 0 -f /path/to/some/file
Asking receiver to accept ...
Receiver accepted
Uploading file ...
Uploading has been successful
Instead of the index, you can also use ID or name.
OpenDrop will try to interpret the input in the order (1) index, (2) ID, and (3) name and fail if no match was found.
Sending a web link. Since v0.13, OpenDrop supports sending web links, i.e., URLs, so that receiving Apple devices will immediately open their browser upon accepting. (Note that OpenDrop receivers still only support receiving regular files.)
$ opendrop send -r 0 -f https://owlink.org --url
Receiving is much easier. Simply use the receive command. OpenDrop will accept all incoming files automatically and put received files in the current directory.
$ opendrop receive
OpenDrop is the result of a research project and, thus, has several limitations (non-exhaustive list below). I do not have the capacity to work on them myself but am happy to provide assistance if somebody else want to take them on.
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Triggering macOS/iOS receivers via Bluetooth Low Energy. Apple devices start their AWDL interface and AirDrop server only after receiving a custom advertisement via Bluetooth LE (see USENIX paper for details). This means, that Apple AirDrop receivers may not be discovered even if they are discoverable by everyone.
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Sender/Receiver authentication and connection state. Currently, there is no peer authentication as in Apple's AirDrop, in particular, (1) OpenDrop does not verify that the TLS certificate is signed by Apple's root and (2) that the Apple ID validation record is correct (see USENIX paper for details). In addition, OpenDrop automatically accepts any file that it receives due to a missing connection state.
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Sending multiple files. Apple AirDrop supports sending multiple files at once, OpenDrop does not (would require adding more files to the archive, modify HTTP /Ask request, etc.).
- Alexander Heinrich, Matthias Hollick, Thomas Schneider, Milan Stute, and Christian Weinert. PrivateDrop: Practical Privacy-Preserving Authentication for Apple AirDrop. 30th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security ’21), August 14–16, 2019, virtual Event. Paper Website Code
- Milan Stute, Sashank Narain, Alex Mariotto, Alexander Heinrich, David Kreitschmann, Guevara Noubir, and Matthias Hollick. A Billion Open Interfaces for Eve and Mallory: MitM, DoS, and Tracking Attacks on iOS and macOS Through Apple Wireless Direct Link. 28th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security ’19), August 14–16, 2019, Santa Clara, CA, USA. Paper
OpenDrop is licensed under the GNU General Public License v3.0.
