Unify error handling

README.md

@@ -628,10 +628,76 @@ exception being thrown there.
 Won't this design cause upstream channels / sources to operate despite the consumer being gone (because of the 
 exception)?
 
-No: the exception should cause the containing scope to finish (or a supervised fork to fail), cancelling any forks 
-that are operating in the background. Any unused channels can then be garbage-collected.
+It depends on two factors:
+- whether there are any forks running in parallel to the failed one,
+- whether you only signal the exception downstream, or also choose to re-throw it.
+
+If there's only a single fork running at a time, it would terminate processing anyway, so it's enough to signal the exception to the downstream.
+
+If there are multiple forks running in parallel, there are two possible scenarios:
+1. If you choose to re-throw the exception, it should cause the containing scope to finish (or a supervised fork to fail), 
+cancelling any forks that are operating in the background. Any unused channels can then be garbage-collected.
+2. If you choose not to re-throw, the forks running in parallel would be allowed to complete normally (unless the containing scope is finished for another reason).
+
+Internally, for the built-in `Source` operators, we took the latter approach, i.e. we chose not to re-throw and let the parrallel forks complete normally. 
+However, we keep in mind that they might not be able to send to downstream channel anymore - since the downstream might already be closed by the failing fork.
+
+### Example
+
+Let's have a look at the error handling in `Source.mapParUnordered` to demonstrate our approach. This operator applies a mapping function to a given number of elements in parallel, and is implemented as follows:
+
+```scala
+def mapParUnordered[U](parallelism: Int)(f: T => U)(using Ox, StageCapacity): Source[U] =
+  val c = StageCapacity.newChannel[U]
+  val s = new Semaphore(parallelism)
+  forkDaemon {
+    supervised {                                          // (1)
+      repeatWhile {                                       
+        s.acquire()
+        receive() match
+          case ChannelClosed.Done => false
+          case e @ ChannelClosed.Error(r) =>              // (2)
+            c.error(r)
+            false
+          case t: T @unchecked =>
+            fork {                                        // (3)
+              try
+                c.send(f(t))                              // (4)
+                s.release()
+              catch case t: Throwable => c.error(t)       // (5)
+            }
+            true
+      }
+    }
+    c.done()
+  }
+  c
+```
+
+It first creates a `supervised` scope (1), i.e. one that only completes (on the happy path) when all 
+non-daemon supervised forks complete. The mapping function `f` is then run in parallel using non-daemon `fork`s (3).
+
+Let's assume an input `Source` with 4 elements, and `parallelism` set to 2:
+
+```scala
+val input: Source[Int] = Source.fromValues(1, 2, 3, 4)
+def f(i: Int): Int = if ()
+
+val result: Source[Int] = input.mapParUnordered(2)(f)
+```
+
+Let's also assume that the mapping function `f` is an identity with a fixed delay, but it's going to fail 
+immediately (by throwing an exception) when it processes the third element.
+
+In this scenario, the first 2-element batch would successfully process elements `1` and `2`, and emit them 
+downstream (i.e. to the `result` source). Then the forks processing of `3` and `4` would start in parallel. 
+While `4` would still be processed (due to the delay in `f`), the fork processing `3` would immediately 
+throw an exception, which would be caught (5). Consequently, the downstream channel `c` would be closed 
+with an error, but the fork processing `4` would remain running. Whenever the fork processing `4` is done 
+executing `f`, its attempt to `c.send` (4) will fail silently - due to `c` being already closed. 
+Eventually, no results from the second batch would be send downstream.
 
-The role of the exception handler is then to re-create the entire processing pipeline, or escalate the error further.
+The sequence of events would be similar if it was the upstream (rather than `f`) that failed, i.e. when `receive()` resulted in an error (2).
 
 ## Backpressure
 

core/src/main/scala/ox/channels/SourceOps.scala

@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ trait SourceOps[+T] { this: Source[T] =>
 
   private def mapParScope[U](parallelism: Int, c2: Channel[U], f: T => U): Unit =
     val s = new Semaphore(parallelism)
-    val inProgress = Channel[Fork[U]](parallelism)
+    val inProgress = Channel[Fork[Option[U]]](parallelism)
     val closeScope = new CountDownLatch(1)
     scoped {
       // enqueueing fork
@@ -142,12 +142,12 @@ trait SourceOps[+T] { this: Source[T] =>
                 try
                   val u = f(t)
                   s.release() // not in finally, as in case of an exception, no point in starting subsequent forks
-                  u
+                  Some(u)
                 catch
                   case t: Throwable =>
                     c2.error(t)
                     closeScope.countDown()
-                    throw t
+                    None
               })
               true
         }
@@ -157,8 +157,9 @@ trait SourceOps[+T] { this: Source[T] =>
       fork {
         repeatWhile {
           inProgress.receive() match
-            case f: Fork[U] @unchecked =>
-              c2.send(f.join()).isValue
+            case f: Fork[Option[U]] @unchecked =>
+              f.join().foreach(c2.send)
+              true
             case ChannelClosed.Done =>
               closeScope.countDown()
               c2.done()
@@ -395,7 +396,7 @@ trait SourceOps[+T] { this: Source[T] =>
     repeatWhile {
       receive() match
         case ChannelClosed.Done     => sink.done(); false
-        case e: ChannelClosed.Error => sink.error(e.reason); throw e.toThrowable
+        case e: ChannelClosed.Error => sink.error(e.reason); false
         case t: T @unchecked        => sink.send(t).orThrow; true
     }