Squashed 'tz/' changes from b61a7acb4..82693eb52

0fc8f915a Release 2022d
43d32e3a6 tzselect.ksh: mention nawk (the one true awk)
2d49828e3 * asia: Add Palestine URL (thanks to Heba Hamad).
1a0e30a84 Tweak expression of Palestine transition
b6e732290 Fix NEWS typo in previous change
c42d108da Palestine transitions are now Saturdays at 02:00
92e33b2fb backzone: Uzhhorod comment fix (thanks to Garrett Wollman)
d25f00b73 * europe: Comment fix (thanks to Philip Paeps).
2ea205765 Fix commentary in previous change
4dffd914c Simplify three Ukraine zones to one
54e8becfa Additional sourcing for Crimea 2014 switch
a339d366d * southamerica: Add decree (thanks to Eduardo Romero Urra).
aca1a7057 Fix some post-1970 PACKRATLIST glitches
ce4d77644 Release 2022c
747f4a0e1 Spelling/capitalization fixes
4307b3a9d Update some documentation and commentary
aa7019f99 Prefer " to ' in HTML attributes
c9ba895d3 Remove zoneinfo2tdf.pl
e5f99199f Improve tzselect behavior for Turkey etc.
0b9b27e60 Fix bug with 'zic -d /a/b/c' if /a is unwriteable
d7f86ac32 Port .txt generation to macOS
e8171130f Work around macOS awk bug

git-subtree-dir: tz
git-subtree-split: 82693eb525a29a10ec95e9fddf31cb683b124d32

Makefile

@@ -298,8 +298,9 @@ GCC_DEBUG_FLAGS = -DGCC_LINT -g3 -O3 -fno-common \
 # guess TM_GMTOFF from other macros; define NO_TM_GMTOFF to suppress this.
 # Similarly, if your system has a "zone abbreviation" field, define
 #	-DTM_ZONE=tm_zone
-# and define NO_TM_ZONE to suppress any guessing.  These two fields are not
-# required by POSIX, but are widely available on GNU/Linux and BSD systems.
+# and define NO_TM_ZONE to suppress any guessing.  Although these two fields
+# not required by POSIX, a future version of POSIX is planned to require them
+# and they are widely available on GNU/Linux and BSD systems.
 #
 # The next batch of options control support for external variables
 # exported by tzcode.  In practice these variables are less useful
@@ -538,7 +539,7 @@ DATA=		$(TDATA_TO_CHECK) backzone iso3166.tab leap-seconds.list \
 			leapseconds $(ZONETABLES)
 AWK_SCRIPTS=	checklinks.awk checktab.awk leapseconds.awk \
 			ziguard.awk zishrink.awk
-MISC=		$(AWK_SCRIPTS) zoneinfo2tdf.pl
+MISC=		$(AWK_SCRIPTS)
 TZS_YEAR=	2050
 TZS_CUTOFF_FLAG=	-c $(TZS_YEAR)
 TZS=		to$(TZS_YEAR).tzs
@@ -567,7 +568,7 @@ VERSION_DEPS= \
 		tzfile.5 tzfile.h tzselect.8 tzselect.ksh \
 		workman.sh zdump.8 zdump.c zic.8 zic.c \
 		ziguard.awk zishrink.awk \
-		zone.tab zone1970.tab zoneinfo2tdf.pl
+		zone.tab zone1970.tab
 
 # And for the benefit of csh users on systems that assume the user
 # shell should be used to handle commands in Makefiles. . .

NEWS

@@ -1,5 +1,50 @@
 News for the tz database
 
+Release 2022d - 2022-09-23 12:02:57 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Palestine transitions are now Saturdays at 02:00.
+    Simplify three Ukraine zones into one.
+
+  Changes to future timestamps
+
+    Palestine now springs forward and falls back at 02:00 on the
+    first Saturday on or after March 24 and October 24, respectively.
+    This means 2022 falls back 10-29 at 02:00, not 10-28 at 01:00.
+    (Thanks to Heba Hamad.)
+
+  Changes to past timestamps
+
+    Simplify three Ukraine zones to one, since the post-1970
+    differences seem to have been imaginary.  Move Europe/Uzhgorod and
+    Europe/Zaporozhye to 'backzone'; backward-compatibility links
+    still work, albeit with different timestamps before October 1991.
+
+
+Release 2022c - 2022-08-15 17:47:18 -0700
+
+  Briefly:
+    Work around awk bug in FreeBSD, macOS, etc.
+    Improve tzselect on intercontinental Zones.
+
+  Changes to code
+
+    Work around a bug in onetrueawk that broke commands like
+    'make traditional_tarballs' on FreeBSD, macOS, etc.
+    (Problem reported by Deborah Goldsmith.)
+
+    Add code to tzselect that uses experimental structured comments in
+    zone1970.tab to clarify whether Zones like Africa/Abidjan and
+    Europe/Istanbul cross continent or ocean boundaries.
+    (Inspired by a problem reported by Peter Krefting.)
+
+    Fix bug with 'zic -d /a/b/c' when /a is unwritable but the
+    directory /a/b already exists.
+
+    Remove zoneinfo2tdf.pl, as it was unused and triggered false
+    malware alarms on some email servers.
+
+
 Release 2022b - 2022-08-10 15:38:32 -0700
 
   Briefly:
@@ -83,7 +128,7 @@ Release 2022b - 2022-08-10 15:38:32 -0700
 
     zic no longer complains "can't determine time zone abbreviation to
     use just after until time" when a transition to a new standard
-    time occurs simultanously with the first DST fallback transition.
+    time occurs simultaneously with the first DST fallback transition.
 
   Changes to build procedure
 

asia

@@ -1505,8 +1505,8 @@ Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
 # onwards (which was during the Islamic Republic).
 
 # From Francis Santoni (2022-06-01):
-# for Iran and 1977 the effective change is only 20 october
-# (UIT No. 143 17.XI.1977) and not 23 september (UIT No. 141 13.IX.1977).
+# for Iran and 1977 the effective change is only 20 October
+# (UIT No. 143 17.XI.1977) and not 23 September (UIT No. 141 13.IX.1977).
 # UIT is the Operational Bulletin of International Telecommunication Union.
 
 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
@@ -3375,10 +3375,6 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # The winter time in 2015 started on October 23 at 01:00.
 # https://wafa.ps/ar_page.aspx?id=CgpCdYa670694628582aCgpCdY
 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/portal/meeting/details/27583
-#
-# From Paul Eggert (2019-04-10):
-# For now, guess spring-ahead transitions are at 00:00 on the Saturday
-# preceding March's last Sunday (i.e., Sat>=24).
 
 # From P Chan (2021-10-18):
 # http://wafa.ps/Pages/Details/34701
@@ -3395,6 +3391,18 @@ Zone	Asia/Karachi	4:28:12 -	LMT	1907
 # From Heba Hamad (2022-03-10):
 # summer time will begin in Palestine from Sunday 03-27-2022, 00:00 AM.
 
+# From Heba Hamad (2022-08-30):
+# winter time will begin in Palestine from Saturday 10-29, 02:00 AM by
+# 60 minutes backwards.  Also the state of Palestine adopted the summer
+# and winter time for the years: 2023,2024,2025,2026 ...
+# https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/attachments/20220830/9f024566/Time-0001.pdf
+# (2022-08-31): ... the Saturday before the last Sunday in March and October
+# at 2:00 AM ,for the years from 2023 to 2026.
+# (2022-09-05): https://mtit.pna.ps/Site/New/1453
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-08-31):
+# For now, assume that this rule will also be used after 2026.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule EgyptAsia	1957	only	-	May	10	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule EgyptAsia	1957	1958	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
@@ -3425,14 +3433,16 @@ Rule Palestine	2013	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2014	only	-	Oct	24	0:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2015	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	2015	only	-	Oct	23	1:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2016	2018	-	Mar	Sat>=24	1:00	1:00	S
-Rule Palestine	2016	2018	-	Oct	Sat>=24	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2016	2018	-	Mar	Sat<=30	1:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2016	2018	-	Oct	Sat<=30	1:00	0	-
 Rule Palestine	2019	only	-	Mar	29	0:00	1:00	S
-Rule Palestine	2019	only	-	Oct	Sat>=24	0:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2020	2021	-	Mar	Sat>=24	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2019	only	-	Oct	Sat<=30	0:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2020	2021	-	Mar	Sat<=30	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule Palestine	2020	only	-	Oct	24	1:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2021	max	-	Oct	Fri>=23	1:00	0	-
-Rule Palestine	2022	max	-	Mar	Sun>=25	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2021	only	-	Oct	29	1:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2022	only	-	Mar	27	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule Palestine	2022	max	-	Oct	Sat<=30	2:00	0	-
+Rule Palestine	2023	max	-	Mar	Sat<=30	2:00	1:00	S
 
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Asia/Gaza	2:17:52	-	LMT	1900 Oct

backward

@@ -90,6 +90,8 @@ Link	Etc/UTC			Etc/UCT
 Link	Europe/London		Europe/Belfast
 Link	Europe/Kyiv		Europe/Kiev
 Link	Europe/Chisinau		Europe/Tiraspol
+Link	Europe/Kyiv		Europe/Uzhgorod
+Link	Europe/Kyiv		Europe/Zaporozhye
 Link	Europe/London		GB
 Link	Europe/London		GB-Eire
 Link	Etc/GMT			GMT+0

backzone

@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Freetown	-0:53:00 -	LMT	1882
 			-0:53:00 -	FMT	1913 Jul  1 # Freetown MT
 			-1:00	SL	%s	1939 Sep  5
 			-1:00	-	-01	1941 Dec  6 24:00
-			 0:00	SL	GMT/+01
+			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Botswana
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
@@ -1480,6 +1480,27 @@ Zone	Europe/Tiraspol	1:58:32	-	LMT	1880
 			2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19  2:00
 			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD
 
+# Ukraine
+#
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger say Transcarpathia used CET 1990/1991,
+# this unreliable source contradicts contemporaneous government resolutions
+# (see the commentary for Ukraine in the 'europe' file)
+# so for now this dubious zone is in 'backzone'.
+# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian spelling, but
+# "Uzhgorod" was a common English spelling when this dubious zone was
+# added to TZDB in 1999.
+Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
+			1:00	-	CET	1940
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1944 Oct 26
+			1:00	-	CET	1945 Jun 29
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
+			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
+			1:00	-	CET	1991 Mar 31  3:00
+			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 20
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1996 May 13
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
 # Liechtenstein
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2022-07-21):
@@ -1502,6 +1523,25 @@ Zone	Europe/Zagreb	1:03:52	-	LMT	1884
 			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
+# Ukraine
+
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger say Zaporizhzhia and eastern Lugansk
+# observed DST 1990/1991, this unreliable source contradicts contemporaneous
+# government resolutions (see the commentary for Ukraine in the 'europe' file)
+# so for now this dubious zone is in 'backzone'.
+# "Zaporizhzhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
+# "Zaporozhye" was a common English spelling when this dubious zone was
+# added to TZDB in 1999.
+Zone Europe/Zaporozhye	2:20:40 -	LMT	1880
+			2:20	-	+0220	1924 May  2
+			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
+			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Aug 25
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Oct 25
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1992 Mar 20
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1996 May 13
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
 # Madagascar
 Zone Indian/Antananarivo 3:10:04 -	LMT	1911 Jul
 			3:00	-	EAT	1954 Feb 27 23:00s
@@ -1633,7 +1673,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Majuro	 11:24:48 -	LMT	1901
 Zone Pacific/Midway	-11:49:28 -	LMT	1901
 			-11:00	-	-11	1956 Jun  3
 			-11:00	1:00	-10	1956 Sep  2
-			-11:00	-	-11
+			-11:00	-	SST	# S=Samoa
 
 # Micronesia
 # Also see Pacific/Chuuk and commentary for Micronesia in 'australasia'.
@@ -1648,10 +1688,20 @@ Zone Pacific/Pohnpei	-13:27:08 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31	# Kolonia
 Link Pacific/Pohnpei Pacific/Ponape
 
 # N Mariana Is
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-08-16):
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger say Saipan used +09 and then switched
+# to Guam time in October 1969, this is surely wrong.
+# Saipan used Guam time in the late 1950s; see page 4 of the minutes on the
+# conference of the 12th Saipan Legislature and the Select Committee on
+# Saipan Mission, 5th Guam Legislature (1959-09-11):
+# http://www.nmhcouncil.org/nmhc_archives/U.S.%20Navy%20Civil%20Affairs%20Files%201944-1962/1959/1959%2009%2017%20letter,%20minutes%20of%20conference,%20Borja.pdf
+# For now, assume Saipan switched to Guam time after the Battle of Saipan.
+#
 Zone Pacific/Saipan	-14:17:00 -	LMT	1844 Dec 31
 			 9:43:00 -	LMT	1901
-			 9:00	-	+09	1969 Oct
-			10:00	-	+10	2000 Dec 23
+			 9:00	-	+09	1944 Jul  9
+			10:00	Guam	G%sT	2000 Dec 23
 			10:00	-	ChST	# Chamorro Standard Time
 
 

europe

@@ -2615,10 +2615,14 @@ Zone Europe/Simferopol	 2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
 # https://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
-# Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
-# late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
-# and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
+# From Tim Parenti (2022-07-01), per Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
+# The clocks at the railway station in Simferopol were put forward from 22:00
+# to 24:00 the previous day in a "symbolic ceremony"; however, per
+# contemporaneous news reports, "ordinary Crimeans [made] the daylight savings
+# time switch at 2am" on Sunday.
+# https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/crimea-to-set-clocks-to-russia-time-114033000014_1.html
+# https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-crimea-time/crimea-switches-to-moscow-time-amid-incorporation-frenzy-idUKBREA2S0LT20140329
+# https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-26806583
 			 2:00	EU	EE%sT	2014 Mar 30  2:00
 			 4:00	-	MSK	2014 Oct 26  2:00s
 			 3:00	-	MSK
@@ -3751,8 +3755,8 @@ Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
 # US colleague David Cochrane) are still trying to get more
 # information upon these local deviations from Kiev rules.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2022-02-08):
-# For now, assume that Ukraine's other three zones followed the same rules,
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-08-27):
+# For now, assume that Ukraine's zones all followed the same rules,
 # except that Crimea switched to Moscow time in 1994 as described elsewhere.
 
 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
@@ -3822,21 +3826,7 @@ Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2022-04-12):
-# As is usual in tzdb, Ukrainian zones use the most common English spellings.
-# In particular, tzdb's name Europe/Kyiv uses the most common spelling in
-# English for Ukraine's capital.  Although tzdb's former name was Europe/Kiev,
-# "Kyiv" is now more common due to widespread reporting of the current conflict.
-# Conversely, tzdb continues to use the names Europe/Uzhgorod and
-# Europe/Zaporozhye; this is similar to tzdb's use of Europe/Prague, which is
-# certainly wrong as a transliteration of the Czech "Praha".
-# English-language spelling of Ukrainian names is in flux, and
-# some day "Uzhhorod" or "Zaporizhzhia" may become substantially more
-# common in English; in the meantime, do not change these
-# English spellings as that means less disruption for our users.
-
 # Zone	NAME		STDOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-# This represents most of Ukraine.  See above for the spelling of "Kyiv".
 Zone Europe/Kyiv	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
 			2:02:04	-	KMT	1924 May  2 # Kyiv Mean Time
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
@@ -3846,34 +3836,6 @@ Zone Europe/Kyiv	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
 			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29  3:00
 			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1996 May 13
 			2:00	EU	EE%sT
-# Transcarpathia used CET 1990/1991.
-# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
-# "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
-Zone Europe/Uzhgorod	1:29:12 -	LMT	1890 Oct
-			1:00	-	CET	1940
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
-			1:00	1:00	CEST	1944 Oct 26
-			1:00	-	CET	1945 Jun 29
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990
-			3:00	-	MSK	1990 Jul  1  2:00
-			1:00	-	CET	1991 Mar 31  3:00
-			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 20
-			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1996 May 13
-			2:00	EU	EE%sT
-# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
-# "Zaporizhzhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
-# "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English.  Use the common English
-# spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
-# portable Posix file names.
-Zone Europe/Zaporozhye	2:20:40 -	LMT	1880
-			2:20	-	+0220	1924 May  2
-			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
-			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Aug 25
-			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1943 Oct 25
-			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31  2:00
-			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1992 Mar 20
-			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1996 May 13
-			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Vatican City
 # See Europe/Rome.

newctime.3

@@ -271,8 +271,9 @@ so were made when the library containing these functions was
 created.
 Similarly, the
 .B tzname
-variable is optional.
-There is no guarantee that these fields and this variable will
+variable is optional; also, there is no guarantee that
+.B tzname
+will
 continue to exist in this form in future releases of this code.
 .SH FILES
 .ta \w'/usr/share/zoneinfo/posixrules\0\0'u

private.h

@@ -168,6 +168,9 @@
 # define EINVAL ERANGE
 #endif
 
+#ifndef ELOOP
+# define ELOOP EINVAL
+#endif
 #ifndef ENAMETOOLONG
 # define ENAMETOOLONG EINVAL
 #endif

southamerica

@@ -1309,8 +1309,14 @@ Zone America/Rio_Branco	-4:31:12 -	LMT	1914
 # for America/Santiago will start on midnight of September 11th;
 # and will end on April 1st, 2023. Magallanes region (America/Punta_Arenas)
 # will keep UTC -3 "indefinitely"...  This is because on September 4th
-# we will have a voting whether to approve a new Constitution....
-# https://www.interior.gob.cl/noticias/2022/08/09/comunicado-el-proximo-sabado-10-de-septiembre-los-relojes-se-deben-adelantar-una-hora/
+# we will have a voting whether to approve a new Constitution.
+#
+# From Eduardo Romero Urra (2022-08-17):
+# https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/publicaciones/2022/08/13/43327/01/2172567.pdf
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-08-17):
+# Although the presidential decree stops at fall 2026, assume that
+# similar DST rules will continue thereafter.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	-	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Chile	1927	1931	-	Sep	 1	0:00	1:00	-