trie: iterate values pre-order and fix seek behavior (ethereum#27838)

This pull request fixes the pre-order trie traversal by defining 
a more accurate iterator order and path comparison rule.

Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>

trie/iterator.go

@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ type nodeIteratorState struct {
 	node    node        // Trie node being iterated
 	parent  common.Hash // Hash of the first full ancestor node (nil if current is the root)
 	index   int         // Child to be processed next
-	pathlen int         // Length of the path to this node
+	pathlen int         // Length of the path to the parent node
 }
 
 type nodeIterator struct {
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ type nodeIterator struct {
 	err   error                // Failure set in case of an internal error in the iterator
 
 	resolver NodeResolver         // optional node resolver for avoiding disk hits
-	pool     []*nodeIteratorState // local pool for iteratorstates
+	pool     []*nodeIteratorState // local pool for iterator states
 }
 
 // errIteratorEnd is stored in nodeIterator.err when iteration is done.
@@ -304,14 +304,15 @@ func (it *nodeIterator) seek(prefix []byte) error {
 	// The path we're looking for is the hex encoded key without terminator.
 	key := keybytesToHex(prefix)
 	key = key[:len(key)-1]
+
 	// Move forward until we're just before the closest match to key.
 	for {
 		state, parentIndex, path, err := it.peekSeek(key)
 		if err == errIteratorEnd {
 			return errIteratorEnd
 		} else if err != nil {
 			return seekError{prefix, err}
-		} else if bytes.Compare(path, key) >= 0 {
+		} else if reachedPath(path, key) {
 			return nil
 		}
 		it.push(state, parentIndex, path)
@@ -339,7 +340,6 @@ func (it *nodeIterator) peek(descend bool) (*nodeIteratorState, *int, []byte, er
 		// If we're skipping children, pop the current node first
 		it.pop()
 	}
-
 	// Continue iteration to the next child
 	for len(it.stack) > 0 {
 		parent := it.stack[len(it.stack)-1]
@@ -372,7 +372,6 @@ func (it *nodeIterator) peekSeek(seekKey []byte) (*nodeIteratorState, *int, []by
 		// If we're skipping children, pop the current node first
 		it.pop()
 	}
-
 	// Continue iteration to the next child
 	for len(it.stack) > 0 {
 		parent := it.stack[len(it.stack)-1]
@@ -449,16 +448,18 @@ func (it *nodeIterator) findChild(n *fullNode, index int, ancestor common.Hash)
 		state     *nodeIteratorState
 		childPath []byte
 	)
-	for ; index < len(n.Children); index++ {
+	for ; index < len(n.Children); index = nextChildIndex(index) {
 		if n.Children[index] != nil {
 			child = n.Children[index]
 			hash, _ := child.cache()
+
 			state = it.getFromPool()
 			state.hash = common.BytesToHash(hash)
 			state.node = child
 			state.parent = ancestor
 			state.index = -1
 			state.pathlen = len(path)
+
 			childPath = append(childPath, path...)
 			childPath = append(childPath, byte(index))
 			return child, state, childPath, index
@@ -471,8 +472,8 @@ func (it *nodeIterator) nextChild(parent *nodeIteratorState, ancestor common.Has
 	switch node := parent.node.(type) {
 	case *fullNode:
 		// Full node, move to the first non-nil child.
-		if child, state, path, index := it.findChild(node, parent.index+1, ancestor); child != nil {
-			parent.index = index - 1
+		if child, state, path, index := it.findChild(node, nextChildIndex(parent.index), ancestor); child != nil {
+			parent.index = prevChildIndex(index)
 			return state, path, true
 		}
 	case *shortNode:
@@ -498,23 +499,23 @@ func (it *nodeIterator) nextChildAt(parent *nodeIteratorState, ancestor common.H
 	switch n := parent.node.(type) {
 	case *fullNode:
 		// Full node, move to the first non-nil child before the desired key position
-		child, state, path, index := it.findChild(n, parent.index+1, ancestor)
+		child, state, path, index := it.findChild(n, nextChildIndex(parent.index), ancestor)
 		if child == nil {
 			// No more children in this fullnode
 			return parent, it.path, false
 		}
 		// If the child we found is already past the seek position, just return it.
-		if bytes.Compare(path, key) >= 0 {
-			parent.index = index - 1
+		if reachedPath(path, key) {
+			parent.index = prevChildIndex(index)
 			return state, path, true
 		}
 		// The child is before the seek position. Try advancing
 		for {
-			nextChild, nextState, nextPath, nextIndex := it.findChild(n, index+1, ancestor)
+			nextChild, nextState, nextPath, nextIndex := it.findChild(n, nextChildIndex(index), ancestor)
 			// If we run out of children, or skipped past the target, return the
 			// previous one
-			if nextChild == nil || bytes.Compare(nextPath, key) >= 0 {
-				parent.index = index - 1
+			if nextChild == nil || reachedPath(nextPath, key) {
+				parent.index = prevChildIndex(index)
 				return state, path, true
 			}
 			// We found a better child closer to the target
@@ -541,7 +542,7 @@ func (it *nodeIterator) push(state *nodeIteratorState, parentIndex *int, path []
 	it.path = path
 	it.stack = append(it.stack, state)
 	if parentIndex != nil {
-		*parentIndex++
+		*parentIndex = nextChildIndex(*parentIndex)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -550,8 +551,54 @@ func (it *nodeIterator) pop() {
 	it.path = it.path[:last.pathlen]
 	it.stack[len(it.stack)-1] = nil
 	it.stack = it.stack[:len(it.stack)-1]
-	// last is now unused
-	it.putInPool(last)
+
+	it.putInPool(last) // last is now unused
+}
+
+// reachedPath normalizes a path by truncating a terminator if present, and
+// returns true if it is greater than or equal to the target. Using this,
+// the path of a value node embedded a full node will compare less than the
+// full node's children.
+func reachedPath(path, target []byte) bool {
+	if hasTerm(path) {
+		path = path[:len(path)-1]
+	}
+	return bytes.Compare(path, target) >= 0
+}
+
+// A value embedded in a full node occupies the last slot (16) of the array of
+// children. In order to produce a pre-order traversal when iterating children,
+// we jump to this last slot first, then go back iterate the child nodes (and
+// skip the last slot at the end):
+
+// prevChildIndex returns the index of a child in a full node which precedes
+// the given index when performing a pre-order traversal.
+func prevChildIndex(index int) int {
+	switch index {
+	case 0: // We jumped back to iterate the children, from the value slot
+		return 16
+	case 16: // We jumped to the embedded value slot at the end, from the placeholder index
+		return -1
+	case 17: // We skipped the value slot after iterating all the children
+		return 15
+	default: // We are iterating the children in sequence
+		return index - 1
+	}
+}
+
+// nextChildIndex returns the index of a child in a full node which follows
+// the given index when performing a pre-order traversal.
+func nextChildIndex(index int) int {
+	switch index {
+	case -1: // Jump from the placeholder index to the embedded value slot
+		return 16
+	case 15: // Skip the value slot after iterating the children
+		return 17
+	case 16: // From the embedded value slot, jump back to iterate the children
+		return 0
+	default: // Iterate children in sequence
+		return index + 1
+	}
 }
 
 func compareNodes(a, b NodeIterator) int {

trie/iterator_test.go

@@ -182,14 +182,14 @@ func testNodeIteratorCoverage(t *testing.T, scheme string) {
 type kvs struct{ k, v string }
 
 var testdata1 = []kvs{
+	{"bar", "b"},
 	{"barb", "ba"},
 	{"bard", "bc"},
 	{"bars", "bb"},
-	{"bar", "b"},
 	{"fab", "z"},
+	{"foo", "a"},
 	{"food", "ab"},
 	{"foos", "aa"},
-	{"foo", "a"},
 }
 
 var testdata2 = []kvs{
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ func TestIteratorSeek(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Seek to a non-existent key.
 	it = NewIterator(trie.MustNodeIterator([]byte("barc")))
-	if err := checkIteratorOrder(testdata1[1:], it); err != nil {
+	if err := checkIteratorOrder(testdata1[2:], it); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
@@ -227,6 +227,12 @@ func TestIteratorSeek(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := checkIteratorOrder(nil, it); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
+
+	// Seek to a key for which a prefixing key exists.
+	it = NewIterator(trie.MustNodeIterator([]byte("food")))
+	if err := checkIteratorOrder(testdata1[6:], it); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
 }
 
 func checkIteratorOrder(want []kvs, it *Iterator) error {
@@ -311,16 +317,16 @@ func TestUnionIterator(t *testing.T) {
 
 	all := []struct{ k, v string }{
 		{"aardvark", "c"},
+		{"bar", "b"},
 		{"barb", "ba"},
 		{"barb", "bd"},
 		{"bard", "bc"},
 		{"bars", "bb"},
 		{"bars", "be"},
-		{"bar", "b"},
 		{"fab", "z"},
+		{"foo", "a"},
 		{"food", "ab"},
 		{"foos", "aa"},
-		{"foo", "a"},
 		{"jars", "d"},
 	}
 
@@ -512,7 +518,7 @@ func testIteratorContinueAfterSeekError(t *testing.T, memonly bool, scheme strin
 		rawdb.WriteTrieNode(diskdb, common.Hash{}, barNodePath, barNodeHash, barNodeBlob, triedb.Scheme())
 	}
 	// Check that iteration produces the right set of values.
-	if err := checkIteratorOrder(testdata1[2:], NewIterator(it)); err != nil {
+	if err := checkIteratorOrder(testdata1[3:], NewIterator(it)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 }