fix: typechecker hotspot

[charles-cooper]

What I did

fix #3316

How I did it

How to verify it

check that the example in #3316 compiles in under a second

Commit message

`get_possible_types_from_node` had blowup for deeply nested expressions.
this commit caches intermediate results using dynamic programming to
prune the calculation time.

note that caching has a funny interaction with the type inference
algorithm for loop iterators (i.e., try all different types for the loop
iterator, and pick the first one which does not throw an exception) -
since the loop iterator inference algorithm depends on optimistically
trying different types, some cached values can be invalid in the case
that they are generated inside of the loop iterator inference algorithm,
because the exception is caught and handled, but the state changes
(i.e., changes to the cache) are not rolled back. to solve this, this
commit introduces a simple commit/rollback mechanism to deal with state
changes in the type checker. it remains to be seen whether this
mechanism will be more generally useful in the future for other
potentially stateful type-checking operations, or if a better long-term
solution is to simply redesign how the type checker infers loop
iterators.

Description for the changelog

Cute Animal Picture

[pcaversaccio]

I quickly checked, and can confirm my example compiles under a second with the following init code:

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

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

Merging #3318 (9c8a610) into master (7a64d4b) will increase coverage by 0.01%.
The diff coverage is 100.00%.

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@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #3318      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   88.79%   88.81%   +0.01%     
==========================================
  Files          84       84              
  Lines       10637    10654      +17     
  Branches     2221     2223       +2     
==========================================
+ Hits         9445     9462      +17     
  Misses        790      790              
  Partials      402      402              

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
vyper/semantics/analysis/__init__.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
vyper/semantics/analysis/local.py	91.78% <100.00%> (+0.04%)	⬆️
vyper/semantics/analysis/utils.py	92.45% <100.00%> (+0.39%)	⬆️
vyper/semantics/namespace.py	97.22% <100.00%> (ø)
vyper/semantics/types/__init__.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)

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