⚠️ This software is by no means production ready! It is neither feature complete nor has full test coverage!
Lightpath has been the underlying reference-implementation for my Master Thesis Evaluating the usage of protocol-aware proxies as replacement for kube-proxy. The thesis has been published here
The layer 7 proxy Envoy has proven to be effective for adding visibility and increasing the reliability of microservices. While the layer 7 processing comes with the tradeoff of consuming more compute resources, Lightpath outperformed the kube-proxy implementation in terms of consistency, overload handling, and reliability. However, for most requests, the layer 4 operations of kube-proxy are more efficient on the latency, resulting in a 61% latency decrease for 50% of subjected requests compared to Lightpath. Considering the tail-latency distributions and the total average, Envoy improves the situation with a 25.7% lower average latency, and there are up to 80% improvements for the 99th latency percentile. The connection latency can be decreased by leveraging the eBPF technology instead of iptables for redirecting requests to ClusterIPs or ExternalIPs to Envoy.
The advanced traffic control options (circuitbreaking, retries, ...) improve application resilience and allow to decrease application code complexity further, e.g. by offloading retry operations to Envoy, which has full knowledge of the system topology.
Using the system topology and reacting to passive health checks allows quicker reactivity to changes on endpoints or the network state. An interesting idea would be to transfer information on passively detected failures to Kubernetes, which otherwise would wait for a periodically executed active health check to fail.
As Kubernetes is also considered in a more distributed deployment model with edge computing, the reactivity of individual nodes which might not have consistent network connectivity speeds or latency would likely improve the availability and consistency. In this context, the option for optimizing load balancing for latency by using e.g. a peak exponentially-weighed moving average based algorithm could improve reactivity further.
Lightpath consists of multiple data plane and control plane components:
- Control Plane:
controlplane(node-scoped): runs on every node and acts as control server for Envoy. Could eventuall scoped per failure-domain.webook(cluster-scoped): The webhook components intercepts the service creation and updates the handling proxy to Lightpath. This allows a hybrid deployment next to the kube-proxy
- Data Plane:
proxy(node-scoped): Envoy acts as proxy instance and is configured to connect to the node-local control planeredirectconfigures the iptables redirect targets for ClusterIPs handled by Lightpath
As a PoC, the TCP and HTTP protocol are targeted. STCP and UDP based protocols are not supported (yet) and need to be handled by kube-proxy. Therefore, a hybrid setup is required for full service connectivity.
Lightpath can be deployed on any Kubernetes Cluster with an iptables based CNI (e.g. Calico, Flannel, ...).
The make k8s-up command bootstraps a new Kubernetes in Docker, which can be used for further testing
Lightpath images are (publicly) available for linux/amd64 and linux/arm64.
The deployment manifests are based on Kustomize and are generated with kustomize build deploy/default/. Lightpath requires cert-manager to be installed on the tareted cluster; the installation will fail otherwise. The make k8s-up command already setups all required dependencies.
As a shortcut, make deploy applies the kustomize manifests to Kubernetes results.
A test deployment running a simple echo server can be applied to a cluster with kubectl apply -f hack/ci/test-deploy.yaml.
A new pod with an interactive shell can be bootstrapped using e.g. kubectl run tmp-net-debug-shell -it --rm --image nicolaka/netshoot -- /bin/bash, which can then be used to access the deployed service:
bash-5.1# curl whoami.whoami.svc
Hostname: whoami-5978d4b87d-dwx2t
IP: 127.0.0.1
IP: ::1
IP: 10.244.2.3
IP: fe80::e8f1:57ff:fefa:2e66
RemoteAddr: 172.18.0.3:42850
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: whoami.whoami.svc
User-Agent: curl/7.83.1
Accept: */*
X-Envoy-Attempt-Count: 1
X-Envoy-Expected-Rq-Timeout-Ms: 5000
X-Forwarded-Proto: http
X-Request-Id: c686bc0b-1e33-445c-b945-9ae883313303
The X-Envoy headers indicate that the request has been successfully handled by lightpath. Furthermore, the Envoy admin interface can ben accessed by e.g. port-forwarding the configured admin port (15000) to the local machine:
$ kubectl port-forward $(kubectl get pod -oname -l app.kubernetes.io/name=proxy | head -n 1) 15000:15000 &
$ # E.g. retrieve the configuration dump:
$ curl http://localhost:15000/config_dump
# ...Overall, the repository acts as mono-repository for all lightpath components, configuration and performed benchmarks performed throughout the master thesis.
The actual application source code is distributed in the cmd, pkg and internal folders, with the cmd/{controlplane,redirect} holding the two Golang based services.
The webhook is implemented in the Rego language as part of the open policy agent in the Kustomize based Kubernetes manifests (deploy/{proxy,redirect,webhook,controlplane}). The deploy/default Kustomization acts as meta package for all components.
The main Golang packages are located in pkg/state/ and pkg/translations/. The translation package defines the actual mapping between Kubernetes resources and the Envoy representation.
Performed benchmark/load tests and scalability analysis is included in the hack/benchmark folder, defining the infrastructure in hack/benchmark/bench-infra distributed across a monitoring cluster and workload cluster. The actual experiments performed are located alongside the Fortio results in hack/benchmark/experiments/{scenarios,results}.
All experiments base on the hack/benchmark/experiments/generator environment, which has been used to generate the scenarios.
The bpf directory includes early steps towards eBPF based forwarding of traffic to the node-local proxy and has not been covered in the thesis and is in a non functional state, but shipped for completeness.