Curly

Curly is a template language that completely separates structure and logic. Instead of interspersing your HTML with snippets of Ruby, all logic is moved to a presenter class.

Installing

Installing Curly is as simple as running gem install curly-templates. If you're using Bundler to manage your dependencies, add this to your Gemfile

gem 'curly-templates'

Curly can also install an application layout file, replacing the .erb file commonly created by Rails. If you wish to use this, run the curly:install generator.

$ rails generate curly:install

How to use Curly

In order to use Curly for a view or partial, use the suffix .curly instead of .erb, e.g. app/views/posts/_comment.html.curly. Curly will look for a corresponding presenter class named Posts::CommentPresenter. By convention, these are placed in app/presenters/, so in this case the presenter would reside in app/presenters/posts/comment_presenter.rb. Note that presenters for partials are not prepended with an underscore.

Add some HTML to the partial template along with some Curly components:

<!-- app/views/posts/_comment.html.curly -->
<div class="comment">
  <p>
    {{author_link}} posted {{time_ago}} ago.
  </p>

  {{body}}

  {{#author?}}
    <p>{{deletion_link}}</p>
  {{/author?}}
</div>

The presenter will be responsible for providing the data for the components. Add the necessary Ruby code to the presenter:

# app/presenters/posts/comment_presenter.rb
class Posts::CommentPresenter < Curly::Presenter
  presents :comment

  def body
    SafeMarkdown.render(@comment.body)
  end

  def author_link
    link_to @comment.author.name, @comment.author, rel: "author"
  end

  def deletion_link
    link_to "Delete", @comment, method: :delete
  end

  def time_ago
    time_ago_in_words(@comment.created_at)
  end

  def author?
    @comment.author == current_user
  end
end

The partial can now be rendered like any other, e.g. by calling

render 'comment', comment: comment
render comment
render collection: post.comments

Curly components are surrounded by curly brackets, e.g. {{hello}}. They always map to a public method on the presenter class, in this case #hello. Methods ending in a question mark can be used for conditional blocks, e.g. {{#admin?}} ... {{/admin?}}.

Identifiers

Curly components can specify an identifier using the so-called dot notation: {{x.y.z}}. This can be very useful if the data you're accessing is hierarchical in nature. One common example is I18n:

<h1>{{i18n.homepage.header}}</h1>

# In the presenter, the identifier is passed as an argument to the method. The
# argument will always be a String.
def i18n(key)
  translate(key)
end

The identifier is separated from the component name with a dot. If the presenter method has a default value for the argument, the identifier is optional – otherwise it's mandatory.

Attributes

In addition to an identifier, Curly components can be annotated with attributes. These are key-value pairs that affect how a component is rendered.

The syntax is reminiscent of HTML:

<div>{{sidebar rows=3 width=200px title="I'm the sidebar!"}}</div>

The presenter method that implements the component must have a matching keyword argument:

def sidebar(rows: "1", width: "100px", title:); end

All argument values will be strings. A compilation error will be raised if

an attribute is used in a component without a matching keyword argument being present in the method definition; or
a required keyword argument in the method definition is not set as an attribute in the component.

You can define default values using Ruby's own syntax. Additionally, if the presenter method accepts arbitrary keyword arguments using the **doublesplat syntax then all attributes will be valid for the component, e.g.

def greetings(**names)
  names.map {|name, greeting| "#{name}: #{greeting}!" }.join("\n")
end

{{greetings alice=hello bob=hi}}
<!-- The above would be rendered as: -->
alice: hello!
bob: hi!

Note that since keyword arguments in Ruby are represented as Symbol objects, which are not garbage collected in Ruby versions less than 2.2, accepting arbitrary attributes represents a security vulnerability if your application allows untrusted Curly templates to be rendered. Only use this feature with trusted templates if you're not on Ruby 2.2 yet.

Conditional blocks

If there is some content you only want rendered under specific circumstances, you can use conditional blocks. The {{#admin?}}...{{/admin?}} syntax will only render the content of the block if the admin? method on the presenter returns true, while the {{^admin?}}...{{/admin?}} syntax will only render the content if it returns false.

Both forms can have an identifier: {{#locale.en?}}...{{/locale.en?}} will only render the block if the locale? method on the presenter returns true given the argument "en". Here's how to implement that method in the presenter:

class SomePresenter < Curly::Presenter
  # Allows rendering content only if the locale matches a specified identifier.
  def locale?(identifier)
    current_locale == identifier
  end
end

Furthermore, attributes can be set on the block. These only need to be specified when opening the block, not when closing it:

{{#square? width=3 height=3}}
  <p>It's square!</p>
{{/square?}}

Attributes work the same way as they do for normal components.

Collection blocks

Sometimes you want to render one or more items within the current template, and splitting out a separate template and rendering that in the presenter is too much overhead. You can instead define the template that should be used to render the items inline in the current template using the collection block syntax.

Collection blocks are opened using an asterisk:

{{*comments}}
  <li>{{body}} ({{author_name}})</li>
{{/comments}}

The presenter will need to expose the method #comments, which should return a collection of objects:

class Posts::ShowPresenter < Curly::Presenter
  presents :post

  def comments
    @post.comments
  end
end

The template within the collection block will be used to render each item, and it will be backed by a presenter named after the component – in this case, comments. The name will be singularized and Curly will try to find the presenter class in the following order:

Posts::ShowPresenter::CommentPresenter
Posts::CommentPresenter
CommentPresenter

This allows you some flexibility with regards to how you want to organize these nested templates and presenters.

Note that the nested template will only have access to the methods on the nested presenter, but all variables passed to the "parent" presenter will be forwarded to the nested presenter. In addition, the current item in the collection will be passed, as well as that item's index in the collection:

class Posts::CommentPresenter < Curly::Presenter
  presents :post, :comment, :comment_counter

  def number
    # `comment_counter` is automatically set to the item's index in the collection,
    # starting with 1.
    @comment_counter
  end

  def body
    @comment.body
  end

  def author_name
    @comment.author.name
  end
end

Collection blocks are an alternative to splitting out a separate template and rendering that from the presenter – which solution is best depends on your use case.

Context blocks

While collection blocks allow you to define the template that should be used to render items in a collection right within the parent template, context blocks allow you to define the template for an arbitrary context. This is very powerful, and can be used to define widget-style components and helpers, and provide an easy way to work with structured data. Let's say you have a comment form on your page, and you'd rather keep the template inline. A simple template could look like:

<!-- post.html.curly -->
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
{{body}}

{{@comment_form}}
  <b>Name: </b> {{name_field}}<br>
  <b>E-mail: </b> {{email_field}}<br>
  {{comment_field}}

  {{submit_button}}
{{/comment_form}}

Note that an @ character is used to denote a context block. Like with collection blocks, a separate presenter class is used within the block, and a simple convention is used to find it. The name of the context component (in this case, comment_form) will be camel cased, and the current presenter's namespace will be searched:

class PostPresenter < Curly::Presenter
  presents :post
  def title; @post.title; end
  def body; markdown(@post.body); end

  # A context block method *must* take a block argument. The return value
  # of the method will be used when rendering. Calling the block argument will
  # render the nested template. If you pass a value when calling the block
  # argument it will be passed to the presenter.
  def comment_form(&block)
    form_for(Comment.new, &block)
  end

  # The presenter name is automatically deduced.
  class CommentFormPresenter < Curly::Presenter
    # The value passed to the block argument will be passed in a parameter named
    # after the component.
    presents :comment_form

    # Any parameters passed to the parent presenter will be forwarded to this
    # presenter as well.
    presents :post

    def name_field
      @comment_form.text_field :name
    end

    # ...
  end
end

Context blocks were designed to work well with Rails' helper methods such as form_for and content_tag, but you can also work directly with the block. For instance, if you want to directly control the value that is passed to the nested presenter, you can call the call method on the block yourself:

def author(&block)
  content_tag :div, class: "author" do
    # The return value of `call` will be the result of rendering the nested template
    # with the argument. You can post-process the string if you want.
    block.call(@post.author)
  end
end

Context shorthand syntax

If you find yourself opening a context block just in order to use a single component, e.g. {{@author}}{{name}}{{/author}}, you can use the shorthand syntax instead: {{author:name}}. This works for all component types, e.g.

{{#author:admin?}}
  <p>The author is an admin!</p>
{{/author:admin?}}

The syntax works for nested contexts as well, e.g. {{comment:author:name}}. Any identifier and attributes are passed to the target component, which in this example would be {{name}}.

Setting up state

Although most code in Curly presenters should be free of side effects, sometimes side effects are required. One common example is defining content for a content_for block.

If a Curly presenter class defines a setup! method, it will be called before the view is rendered:

class PostPresenter < Curly::Presenter
  presents :post

  def setup!
    content_for :title, post.title

    content_for :sidebar do
      render 'post_sidebar', post: post
    end
  end
end

Escaping Curly syntax

In order to have {{ appear verbatim in the rendered HTML, use the triple Curly escape syntax:

This is {{{escaped}}.

You don't need to escape the closing }}.

Comments

If you want to add comments to your Curly templates that are not visible in the rendered HTML, use the following syntax:

{{! This is some interesting stuff }}

Presenters

Presenters are classes that inherit from Curly::Presenter – they're usually placed in app/presenters/, but you can put them anywhere you'd like. The name of the presenter classes match the virtual path of the view they're part of, so if your controller is rendering posts/show, the Posts::ShowPresenter class will be used. Note that Curly is only used to render a view if a template can be found – in this case, at app/views/posts/show.html.curly.

Presenters can declare a list of accepted variables using the presents method:

class Posts::ShowPresenter < Curly::Presenter
  presents :post
end

A variable can have a default value:

class Posts::ShowPresenter < Curly::Presenter
  presents :post
  presents :comment, default: nil
end

Any public method defined on the presenter is made available to the template as a component:

class Posts::ShowPresenter < Curly::Presenter
  presents :post

  def title
    @post.title
  end

  def author_link
    # You can call any Rails helper from within a presenter instance:
    link_to author.name, profile_path(author), rel: "author"
  end

  private

  # Private methods are not available to the template, so they're safe to
  # use.
  def author
    @post.author
  end
end

Presenter methods can even take an argument. Say your Curly template has the content {{t.welcome_message}}, where welcome_message is an I18n key. The following presenter method would make the lookup work:

def t(key)
  translate(key)
end

That way, simple ``functions'' can be added to the Curly language. Make sure these do not have any side effects, though, as an important part of Curly is the idempotence of the templates.

Layouts and content blocks

Both layouts and content blocks (see content_for) use yield to signal that content can be inserted. Curly works just like ERB, so calling yield with no arguments will make the view usable as a layout, while passing a Symbol will make it try to read a content block with the given name:

# Given you have the following Curly template in
# app/views/layouts/application.html.curly
#
#   <html>
#     <head>
#       <title>{{title}}</title>
#     </head>
#     <body>
#       <div id="sidebar">{{sidebar}}</div>
#       {{body}}
#     </body>
#   </html>
#
class ApplicationLayout < Curly::Presenter
  def title
    "You can use methods just like in any other presenter!"
  end

  def sidebar
    # A view can call `content_for(:sidebar) { "some HTML here" }`
    yield :sidebar
  end

  def body
    # The view will be rendered and inserted here:
    yield
  end
end

Rails helper methods

In order to make a Rails helper method available as a component in your template, use the exposes_helper method:

class Layouts::ApplicationPresenter < Curly::Presenter
  # The components {{sign_in_path}} and {{root_path}} are made available.
  exposes_helper :sign_in_path, :root_path
end

Testing

Presenters can be tested directly, but sometimes it makes sense to integrate with Rails on some levels. Currently, only RSpec is directly supported, but you can easily instantiate a presenter:

SomePresenter.new(context, assigns)

context is a view context, i.e. an object that responds to render, has all the helper methods you expect, etc. You can pass in a test double and see what you need to stub out. assigns is the hash containing the controller and local assigns. You need to pass in a key for each argument the presenter expects.

Testing with RSpec

In order to test presenters with RSpec, make sure you have rspec-rails in your Gemfile. Given the following presenter:

# app/presenters/posts/show_presenter.rb
class Posts::ShowPresenter < Curly::Presenter
  presents :post

  def body
    Markdown.render(@post.body)
  end
end

You can test the presenter methods like this:

# You can put this in your `spec_helper.rb`.
require 'curly/rspec'

# spec/presenters/posts/show_presenter_spec.rb
describe Posts::ShowPresenter, type: :presenter do
  describe "#body" do
    it "renders the post's body as Markdown" do
      assign(:post, double(:post, body: "**hello!**"))
      expect(presenter.body).to eq "<strong>hello!</strong>"
    end
  end
end

Note that your spec must be tagged with type: :presenter.

Examples

Here is a simple Curly template – it will be looked up by Rails automatically.

<!-- app/views/posts/show.html.curly -->
<h1>{{title}}<h1>
<p class="author">{{author}}</p>
<p>{{description}}</p>

{{comment_form}}

<div class="comments">
  {{comments}}
</div>

When rendering the template, a presenter is automatically instantiated with the variables assigned in the controller or the render call. The presenter declares the variables it expects with presents, which takes a list of variables names.

# app/presenters/posts/show_presenter.rb
class Posts::ShowPresenter < Curly::Presenter
  presents :post

  def title
    @post.title
  end

  def author
    link_to(@post

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 497 Commits
.github/workflows		.github/workflows
gemfiles		gemfiles
lib		lib
perf		perf
spec		spec
.gitignore		.gitignore
.rspec		.rspec
.yardopts		.yardopts
CHANGELOG.md		CHANGELOG.md
CONTRIBUTING.md		CONTRIBUTING.md
Gemfile		Gemfile
README.md		README.md
Rakefile		Rakefile
curly-templates.gemspec		curly-templates.gemspec

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Curly

Table of Contents

Installing

How to use Curly

Identifiers

Attributes

Conditional blocks

Collection blocks

Context blocks

Context shorthand syntax

Setting up state

Escaping Curly syntax

Comments

Presenters

Layouts and content blocks

Rails helper methods

Testing

Testing with RSpec

Examples

zendesk/curly

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Repository files navigation

Curly

Table of Contents

Installing

How to use Curly

Identifiers

Attributes

Conditional blocks

Collection blocks

Context blocks

Context shorthand syntax

Setting up state

Escaping Curly syntax

Comments

Presenters

Layouts and content blocks

Rails helper methods

Testing

Testing with RSpec

Examples