[workspace] Upgrade vtk_internal to latest commit

[BetsyMcPhail]

• Remove patches that have been upstreamed to VTK.
• Add more printouts when verbose mode has been enabled.
• Prune out some new dependencies that cause trouble / waste.
• Adjust image loading to avoid a VTK segfault.

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Towards #21759.

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This change is 

[jwnimmer-tri]

I'll take this one over. There's more subtle work involved than just disabling the patches. We also need to trim some deps.

[jwnimmer-tri]

For the record, here's the VTK segfault this works around:

[ RUN      ] ImageIoTest.LoadNoSuchFileError
ERROR: In vtkExecutive.cxx, line 729
vtkCompositeDataPipeline (0x555555d6fb00): Algorithm vtkPNGReader (0x555555d6e2c0) returned failure for request: vtkInformation (0x555555d780a0)
  Debug: Off
  Modified Time: 2331
  Reference Count: 1
  Registered Events: (none)
  Request: REQUEST_INFORMATION
  ALGORITHM_AFTER_FORWARD: 1
  FORWARD_DIRECTION: 0
Segmentation fault

Stack:

Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
0x0000555555728524 in drake_vendor::vtkStructuredData::SetExtent(int const*, int*) ()
(gdb) bt
#0  0x0000555555728524 in drake_vendor::vtkStructuredData::SetExtent(int const*, int*) ()
#1  0x00005555557bc61f in drake_vendor::vtkImageData::SetExtent(int*) ()
#2  0x00005555556dcd38 in drake_vendor::vtkImageAlgorithm::AllocateOutputData(drake_vendor::vtkImageData*, drake_vendor::vtkInformation*, int*) ()
#3  0x00005555556dcff9 in drake_vendor::vtkImageAlgorithm::AllocateOutputData(drake_vendor::vtkDataObject*, drake_vendor::vtkInformation*) ()
#4  0x00005555556b375e in drake_vendor::vtkPNGReader::ExecuteDataWithInformation(drake_vendor::vtkDataObject*, drake_vendor::vtkInformation*) ()
#5  0x00005555556dd17c in drake_vendor::vtkImageAlgorithm::RequestData(drake_vendor::vtkInformation*, drake_vendor::vtkInformationVector**, drake_vendor::vtkInformationVector*) ()
#6  0x00005555556ddeb6 in drake_vendor::vtkImageAlgorithm::ProcessRequest(drake_vendor::vtkInformation*, drake_vendor::vtkInformationVector**, drake_vendor::vtkInformationVector*) ()
#7  0x00005555556dae5a in drake_vendor::vtkExecutive::CallAlgorithm(drake_vendor::vtkInformation*, int, drake_vendor::vtkInformationVector**, drake_vendor::vtkInformationVector*) ()
#8  0x00005555556d43f5 in drake_vendor::vtkDemandDrivenPipeline::ExecuteData(drake_vendor::vtkInformation*, drake_vendor::vtkInformationVector**, drake_vendor::vtkInformationVector*) ()
#9  0x00005555556d7af2 in drake_vendor::vtkDemandDrivenPipeline::ProcessRequest(drake_vendor::vtkInformation*, drake_vendor::vtkInformationVector**, drake_vendor::vtkInformationVector*) ()
#10 0x00005555556e0bc9 in drake_vendor::vtkStreamingDemandDrivenPipeline::ProcessRequest(drake_vendor::vtkInformation*, drake_vendor::vtkInformationVector**, drake_vendor::vtkInformationVector*) ()
#11 0x00005555556d0f45 in drake_vendor::vtkCompositeDataPipeline::ForwardUpstream(drake_vendor::vtkInformation*) ()
#12 0x00005555556d783c in drake_vendor::vtkDemandDrivenPipeline::ProcessRequest(drake_vendor::vtkInformation*, drake_vendor::vtkInformationVector**, drake_vendor::vtkInformationVector*) ()
#13 0x00005555556e0bc9 in drake_vendor::vtkStreamingDemandDrivenPipeline::ProcessRequest(drake_vendor::vtkInformation*, drake_vendor::vtkInformationVector**, drake_vendor::vtkInformationVector*) ()
#14 0x00005555556d5dd6 in drake_vendor::vtkDemandDrivenPipeline::UpdateData(int) ()
#15 0x00005555556e2393 in drake_vendor::vtkStreamingDemandDrivenPipeline::Update(int, drake_vendor::vtkInformationVector*) ()
#16 0x00005555556644fe in drake::systems::sensors::ImageIo::MakeLoaderTools(std::variant<std::filesystem::__cxx11::path const*, drake::systems::sensors::ImageIo::ByteSpan>, std::optional<drake::systems::sensors::ImageFileFormat>) const ()
#17 0x00005555556648d0 in drake::systems::sensors::ImageIo::LoadMetadataImpl(std::variant<std::filesystem::__cxx11::path const*, drake::systems::sensors::ImageIo::ByteSpan>) const ()
#18 0x000055555565bf14 in drake::systems::sensors::internal::(anonymous namespace)::ImageIoTest_LoadNoSuchFileError_Test::TestBody() ()

[jwnimmer-tri]

Reviewed 4 of 4 files at r1, 1 of 3 files at r2, 2 of 2 files at r3, all commit messages.
Reviewable status: LGTM missing from assignee jwnimmer-tri(platform), commits need curation (https://drake.mit.edu/reviewable.html#curated-commits) (waiting on @BetsyMcPhail)

[jwnimmer-tri]

+@xuchenhan-tri for both reviews per schedule, please.

[xuchenhan-tri]

FTR I'm not familiar with the what we need or don't need when building VTK. Please find an additional reviewer if you want more scrutiny on that.

Otherwise

Reviewed 4 of 4 files at r1, 1 of 3 files at r2, 2 of 2 files at r3, all commit messages.
Reviewable status: commits need curation (https://drake.mit.edu/reviewable.html#curated-commits) (waiting on @BetsyMcPhail)

[jwnimmer-tri]

Thanks, I'm okay with just your review. The rule of thumb is that when CI is passing, then everything we need is being correctly built.