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Major Memory Leak in Directives when using '&' binding #6794

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btesser opened this issue Mar 21, 2014 · 29 comments
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Major Memory Leak in Directives when using '&' binding #6794

btesser opened this issue Mar 21, 2014 · 29 comments

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@btesser
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btesser commented Mar 21, 2014

When a directive is written using '&' reverse one way binding there is a major memory leak. Once it is entered in the DOM, the Scope of the directive, it's parent, and detached DOM elements are NEVER garbage collected. This is even after routing to another page and back. The $destroy event does get called, but any cleanup done does nothing to fix the leak.

Testing method:
We created an extremely simple directive:

angular.module('leakApp').directive('leaker',function(){
  return {
    template: '<div><span>I leak</span></div>'
    scope:{onLeak: '&'},
    link: function(scope, element, attrs){
      scope.$on('$destroy', function(){console.log(arguments)})
  }
});

We also created a simple router that switched between a plain text page and one with the directive.

Start on blank page, click link for page with directive, click link for blank page.
In chrome timeline force garbage collection.
Take heap snapshot. Despite being entirely gone from the page and no external references, directive is not GC'ed and because it contains a reference to it's parent, the parent is not collected either.

We then removed just the 1 way binding attribute.

The leak was gone.

Please let me know if you have any questions.

Ben Tesser

@IgorMinar IgorMinar self-assigned this Mar 21, 2014
@IgorMinar IgorMinar added this to the 1.3.0-beta.3 milestone Mar 21, 2014
@IgorMinar
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investigating

@lgalfaso
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@btesser I am trying to reproduce this with a minimal example and was unable
Created http://jsfiddle.net/9PsAK/9/

With a comment on the line to write to the console, then it looks like there is no leak. If this is commented, then Chrome leaks several $scope as the arguments (in one way or another) point to the scope. Even in this case, if you clear the console, then the scopes are collected by the GC.

Can you please create a small example that shows this leak or let us know what is wrong with the example?

@IgorMinar
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me neither.

one important note: don't log into console while looking for leaks. the console will retain references to all the objects logged, which makes them appear as if they were leaking.

Can you provide a better example either via plunker or fiddle that we could work with?

@IgorMinar
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this is the plunk I was working off of: http://plnkr.co/edit/QsowAsia3ecRRnKC4mwI?p=preview

if you run the example in fullscreen mode and use timeline or profiler after hitting the start button, I don't see any leak. All references always get collected by GC.

@btesser
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btesser commented Mar 22, 2014

Try this version. Modified it to be an element and have a second bound value

http://plnkr.co/edit/TW2TjC8JkxlDyQRCLcRg?p=preview

Click leak, then click home. Run GC. Leak scope still in heap

@rodyhaddad
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@btesser can you provide a screenshot, showing the memory leak for you?

@lgalfaso
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Ok, I think I am able to reproduce this. A fix should be easy

lgalfaso added a commit to lgalfaso/angular.js that referenced this issue Mar 22, 2014
For functions that have a '&' binding on the scope, change the
function from an inline definition to an external definition so
the function closure has no access to the parent scope.

Closes angular#6794
lgalfaso added a commit to lgalfaso/angular.js that referenced this issue Mar 22, 2014
For functions that have a '&' binding on the scope, change the
function from an inline definition to an external definition so
the function closure has no access to the parent scope.

Closes angular#6794
lgalfaso added a commit to lgalfaso/angular.js that referenced this issue Mar 22, 2014
For functions that have a '&' binding on the scope, change the
function from an inline definition to an external definition so
the function closure has no access to the parent scope.

Closes angular#6794
btesser added a commit to btesser/angular.js that referenced this issue Mar 23, 2014
For functions that have a '&' binding on the scope, change the function
from an inline definition to an external definition so the function
closure has no access to the parent scope.
Backport of fix on 1.3.x

Closes angular#6794
btesser added a commit to btesser/angular.js that referenced this issue Mar 23, 2014
For functions that have a '&' binding on the scope, change the function
from an inline definition to an external definition so the function
closure has no access to the parent scope.
Backport of fix on 1.3.x

Closes angular#6794
@btford btford modified the milestones: 1.3.0-beta.4, 1.3.0-beta.3 Mar 24, 2014
@IgorMinar
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I still can't repro this using @btesser's link. here is what I see:

screen shot 2014-03-24 at 3 54 52 pm

I let this run over a "long" period of time, and it clearly shows that there is no leak. Sometimes it takes a few seconds for the GC to kick in and collect all the stuff, but it's never the case that objects just keep on accumulating without GC.

@IgorMinar
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Since I can't reproduce the problem when running the test app for long periods of time and the fix provided doesn't actually release any references that should not be retained, I don't think that we are actually dealing with a leak here.

Hunting down memory leaks is a tricky business and in the past I was several times distracted by non-leaks that masqueraded the actual problem. So I'm not saying that you don't have a leak in your app, I just think that this reduction is an incorrect reduction of your issue and the patch offered doesn't do anything to solve the actual problem.

If you have any information that could help me reproduce the issue, I'm happy to keep on investigating, but as it stands right now I don't have anything to base my search on.

Just for the record I'm adding links to two known V8 and Chrome issues that could be related to what you might be observing in your app:

@ansukla
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ansukla commented Mar 25, 2014

Are you looking at the heap dump? Try going to the leaky route and then
come back to the original route. Even though the parent scope is destroyed,
it is still in memory along with all dom components. The moment we take out
& input, this goes away. We verified this several times. If this was a
chrome bug I'd have expected to see this for all components.

On Monday, March 24, 2014, Igor Minar notifications@github.com wrote:

Since I can't reproduce the problem when running the test app for long
periods of time and the fix provided doesn't actually release any
references that should not be retained, I don't think that we are actually
dealing with a leak here.

Hunting down memory leaks is a tricky business and in the past I was
several times distracted by non-leaks that masqueraded the actual problem.
So I'm not saying that you don't have a leak in your app, I just think that
this reduction is an incorrect reduction of your issue and the patch
offered doesn't do anything to solve the actual problem.

If you have any information that could help me reproduce the issue, I'm
happy to keep on investigating, but as it stands right now I don't have
anything to base my search on.

Just for the record I'm adding links to two known V8 and Chrome issues
that could be related to what you might be observing in your app:

Reply to this email directly or view it on GitHubhttps://github.com//issues/6794#issuecomment-38516937
.

@ansukla
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ansukla commented Mar 25, 2014

I think the reason this doesn't show up I'm the timeline view is because
every time we go back to the leaky directive, whatever holds reference to
the destroyed scope gets reassigned to the new one. So in this example
memory will not continue to increase. However there is still a leak, and
this is a problem when there are many routes with each route having number
of such directives with large dom footprint.

On Monday, March 24, 2014, Ambika Sukla ambika.sukla@gmail.com wrote:

Are you looking at the heap dump? Try going to the leaky route and then
come back to the original route. Even though the parent scope is destroyed,
it is still in memory along with all dom components. The moment we take out
& input, this goes away. We verified this several times. If this was a
chrome bug I'd have expected to see this for all components.

On Monday, March 24, 2014, Igor Minar <notifications@git.luolix.topjavascript:_e(%7B%7D,'cvml','notifications@github.com');>
wrote:

Since I can't reproduce the problem when running the test app for long
periods of time and the fix provided doesn't actually release any
references that should not be retained, I don't think that we are actually
dealing with a leak here.

Hunting down memory leaks is a tricky business and in the past I was
several times distracted by non-leaks that masqueraded the actual problem.
So I'm not saying that you don't have a leak in your app, I just think that
this reduction is an incorrect reduction of your issue and the patch
offered doesn't do anything to solve the actual problem.

If you have any information that could help me reproduce the issue, I'm
happy to keep on investigating, but as it stands right now I don't have
anything to base my search on.

Just for the record I'm adding links to two known V8 and Chrome issues
that could be related to what you might be observing in your app:

Reply to this email directly or view it on GitHubhttps://github.com//issues/6794#issuecomment-38516937
.

@btesser
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btesser commented Mar 25, 2014

Additionally this leaks for each instance of a directive with & binding.
So if you have several on a page you end up with multiple scopes leaking.
It seems to only leak one scope per instance so if you return to the same
route you will not necessarily end up with duplicate scopes however this
testing was done while forcing garbage collection so it is not simply a
matter of not waiting long enough for gc to occur. I will attempt to
provide a video capture demonstrating this.

@IgorMinar
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ok, after many failed attempts I was able to create a test case that shows that there is a leak. The leak is coming from V8 as originally suspected. I'm yet to confirm that '&' plays any role here.

Here is my reduction: http://plnkr.co/edit/uaUMreckGASCTOsuNYlo?p=preview

For the record here is the retaining tree of the leaked scope which clearly shows that the references that are preventing GC are coming from V8:

screen shot 2014-03-25 at 9 21 27 pm

@IgorMinar
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as I suspected, the issue that I can reproduce has nothing to do with the use of isolate scope & bindings.

I can repro the same thing with this example that doesn't use such bindings: http://plnkr.co/edit/FrSw6SCEVODk02Ljo8se?p=preview

IgorMinar added a commit to IgorMinar/angular.js that referenced this issue Mar 26, 2014
Due to a known V8 memory leak[1] we need to perform extra cleanup to make it easier
for GC to collect this scope object.

The theory is that the V8 leaks are due to inline caches which are caches
built on the fly to speed up property access for javascript objects.

By cleaning the scope object and removing all properties, we clean up ICs
as well and so no leaks occur.

I was able to manually verify that this fixes the problem for the following
example app: http://plnkr.co/edit/FrSw6SCEVODk02Ljo8se?p=preview

Given the nature of the problem I'm not 100% sure that this will work around
the V8 problem in scenarios common for Angular apps, but I guess it's better
than nothing.

[1] V8 bug: https://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2073

Closes angular#6794
@IgorMinar
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@ansukla @btesser Can you please try the patch in PR #6856 and let me know if it does anything for you?

I tried to examples that I could reliably reproduce the leak and after this patch the problem went away, so I'm somewhat hopeful.

IgorMinar added a commit to IgorMinar/angular.js that referenced this issue Mar 26, 2014
Due to a known V8 memory leak[1] we need to perform extra cleanup to make it easier
for GC to collect this scope object.

The theory is that the V8 leaks are due to inline caches which are caches
built on the fly to speed up property access for javascript objects.

By cleaning the scope object and removing all properties, we clean up ICs
as well and so no leaks occur.

I was able to manually verify that this fixes the problem for the following
example app: http://plnkr.co/edit/FrSw6SCEVODk02Ljo8se?p=preview

Given the nature of the problem I'm not 100% sure that this will work around
the V8 problem in scenarios common for Angular apps, but I guess it's better
than nothing.

[1] V8 bug: https://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2073

Closes angular#6794
@btesser
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btesser commented Mar 26, 2014

@IgorMinar Will do

@igorzg
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igorzg commented Mar 27, 2014

@IgorMinar I would not suggest to do that because lot of applications will be incompatible.
I think that developers should clear references to scope members which holds reference.
What you can do is to clear watchers.

@btesser Take a look this:
http://plnkr.co/edit/ZWiRQn8jnOZTJrogEnyK?p=preview

@caitp
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caitp commented Mar 27, 2014

@igorzg: what application will depend on scope properties after the scope is destroyed?

@igorzg
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igorzg commented Mar 27, 2014

@caitp Everything what have async reference to scope. Example if we have an dialog with promise resolution on close, close will also destroy the scope. After you have promise resolved and if your promise relay on some data of scope with this patch you will not able to see that data. With current solution you cleanup references to scope data in promise afterwards.

@caitp
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caitp commented Mar 27, 2014

You could always resolve a clone of the object in scope that you're referencing, though, and that's probably easier for people to remember for the specific cases where they need this, than it is to manually cleanup every scope in the app...

@igorzg
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igorzg commented Mar 27, 2014

@caitp I agree with you. I'm just saying that patch will cause bugs, and you have to provide a notice in changelog that may be a reason.

IgorMinar added a commit that referenced this issue Mar 28, 2014
Due to a known V8 memory leak[1] we need to perform extra cleanup to make it easier
for GC to collect this scope object.

The theory is that the V8 leaks are due to inline caches which are caches
built on the fly to speed up property access for javascript objects.

By cleaning the scope object and removing all properties, we clean up ICs
as well and so no leaks occur.

I was able to manually verify that this fixes the problem for the following
example app: http://plnkr.co/edit/FrSw6SCEVODk02Ljo8se?p=preview

Given the nature of the problem I'm not 100% sure that this will work around
the V8 problem in scenarios common for Angular apps, but I guess it's better
than nothing.

[1] V8 bug: https://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2073

Closes #6794
Closes #6856
troch pushed a commit to troch/angular.js that referenced this issue Mar 30, 2014
Due to a known V8 memory leak[1] we need to perform extra cleanup to make it easier
for GC to collect this scope object.

The theory is that the V8 leaks are due to inline caches which are caches
built on the fly to speed up property access for javascript objects.

By cleaning the scope object and removing all properties, we clean up ICs
as well and so no leaks occur.

I was able to manually verify that this fixes the problem for the following
example app: http://plnkr.co/edit/FrSw6SCEVODk02Ljo8se?p=preview

Given the nature of the problem I'm not 100% sure that this will work around
the V8 problem in scenarios common for Angular apps, but I guess it's better
than nothing.

[1] V8 bug: https://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2073

Closes angular#6794
Closes angular#6856
@aresn
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aresn commented Mar 31, 2014

First of all , I like to say we also encountered the leak mentioned here in our application. After updating, to avoid getting errors, we had to check "$scope.$$destroyed" on all resolve callbacks. Problem is when our script makes a call to server, before server gets back to the client , if user clicks away and somehow close the scope initializing the call to server, we get an error inside the callback function trying to access the destroyed scope.

@lgalfaso
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@aresn this is the same issue reported at #6897 and with a PR #6908 ready

@aresn
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aresn commented Mar 31, 2014

@lgalfaso What I mentioned above is a bit more than just listeners. I'm going to explain what we had by a simple example:

$scope.data = {};
api.get().then(function(value){
$scope.data.test = true;
});

// here an error will be thrown because $scope.data is null. If somehow $scope has got destroyed before this promise gets resolved.

@IgorMinar IgorMinar reopened this Mar 31, 2014
@IgorMinar
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I'm reopening this issue because of two issues:

I do believe that the & use of binding could be significant here (it creates two reference to parent scope), so it's possible that it's this reference that retains the scope via V8's inline caches.

(again: keep in mind that the real issue we are debugging here is the V8 bug referenced earlier that I can't fix from JS, I'm just looking for a javascript code that would work around this bug and not cause V8 to leak. The proper fix needs to be done in V8 and the V8 guys are working on it, but it's going to take some time)

@ansukla
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ansukla commented Apr 1, 2014

Spent a couple of hours on this and here's what I found so far:

  1. Sometimes I do see 3 scopes as you saw, but it is not always consistent. When there are 3 scopes, only one of the two duplicate directive scopes has the & function set
  2. I am able to reproduce the leak by applying an empty function

case '&': {
parentGet = $parse(attrs[attrName]);
scope[scopeName] = function(){};

  1. If I set scope['fnName'] = null first thing in the link function (not in on('$destroy')), the leak goes away
  2. At least a couple of times setting scope['fnName'] in on('$destory) worked, so there could be a timing issue in play here, but I am not sure

@IgorMinar
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The reason why the leak shows up only sometimes is because it's coming from
a V8 cache. The cache must be primed for the leak to occur. When the cache
is primed is up to V8 heuristics, the best way to ensure that this happens
is to find an operation that sometimes causes the leak and then just repeat
it many times. This is why my plunk did just that. Manually triggering the
operation just once or a handful of times is what most often results in
difficulty to get consistent results.
On Mar 31, 2014 7:15 PM, "ansukla" notifications@github.com wrote:

Spent a couple of hours on this and here's what I found so far:

  1. Sometimes I do see 3 scopes as you saw, but it is not always
    consistent. When there are 3 scopes, only one of the two duplicate
    directive scopes has the & function set
  2. I am able to reproduce the leak by applying an empty function

case '&': {
parentGet = $parse(attrs[attrName]);
scope[scopeName] = function(){};

  1. If I set scope['fnName'] = null first thing in the link function
    (not in on('$destroy')), the leak goes away
  2. At least a couple of times setting scope['fnName'] in on('$destory)
    worked, so there could be a timing issue in play here, but I am not sure

Reply to this email directly or view it on GitHubhttps://github.com//issues/6794#issuecomment-39164223
.

IgorMinar added a commit to IgorMinar/angular.js that referenced this issue Apr 3, 2014
Due to a known V8 memory leak[1] we need to perform extra cleanup to make it easier
for GC to collect this scope object.

V8 leaks are due to strong references from optimized code (fixed in M34) and inline
caches (fix in works). Inline caches are caches that the virtual machine builds on the
fly to speed up property access for javascript objects. These caches contain strong
references to objects so under certain conditions this can create a leak.

The reason why these leaks are extra bad for Scope instances is that scopes hold on
to ton of stuff, so when a single scope leaks, it makes a ton of other stuff leak.

This change removes references to objects that might be holding other big
objects. This means that even if the destroyed scope leaks, the child scopes
should not leak because we are not explicitly holding onto them.

Additionally in  theory we should also help make the current scope eligible for GC
by changing properties of the current Scope object.

I was able to manually verify that this fixes the problem for the following
example app: http://plnkr.co/edit/FrSw6SCEVODk02Ljo8se

Given the nature of the problem I'm not 100% sure that this will work around
the V8 problem in scenarios common for Angular apps, but I guess it's better
than nothing.

This is a second attempt to enhance the cleanup, the first one failed  and was
reverted because it was too aggressive and caused problems for existing apps.
See: angular#6897

[1] V8 bug: https://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2073

Closes angular#6794
Closes angular#6856
IgorMinar added a commit to IgorMinar/angular.js that referenced this issue Apr 3, 2014
Due to a known V8 memory leak[1] we need to perform extra cleanup to make it easier
for GC to collect this scope object.

V8 leaks are due to strong references from optimized code (fixed in M34) and inline
caches (fix in works). Inline caches are caches that the virtual machine builds on the
fly to speed up property access for javascript objects. These caches contain strong
references to objects so under certain conditions this can create a leak.

The reason why these leaks are extra bad for Scope instances is that scopes hold on
to ton of stuff, so when a single scope leaks, it makes a ton of other stuff leak.

This change removes references to objects that might be holding other big
objects. This means that even if the destroyed scope leaks, the child scopes
should not leak because we are not explicitly holding onto them.

Additionally in  theory we should also help make the current scope eligible for GC
by changing properties of the current Scope object.

I was able to manually verify that this fixes the problem for the following
example app: http://plnkr.co/edit/FrSw6SCEVODk02Ljo8se

Given the nature of the problem I'm not 100% sure that this will work around
the V8 problem in scenarios common for Angular apps, but I guess it's better
than nothing.

This is a second attempt to enhance the cleanup, the first one failed  and was
reverted because it was too aggressive and caused problems for existing apps.
See: angular#6897

[1] V8 bug: https://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2073

Closes angular#6794
Closes angular#6856
IgorMinar added a commit that referenced this issue Apr 3, 2014
Due to a known V8 memory leak[1] we need to perform extra cleanup to make it easier
for GC to collect this scope object.

V8 leaks are due to strong references from optimized code (fixed in M34) and inline
caches (fix in works). Inline caches are caches that the virtual machine builds on the
fly to speed up property access for javascript objects. These caches contain strong
references to objects so under certain conditions this can create a leak.

The reason why these leaks are extra bad for Scope instances is that scopes hold on
to ton of stuff, so when a single scope leaks, it makes a ton of other stuff leak.

This change removes references to objects that might be holding other big
objects. This means that even if the destroyed scope leaks, the child scopes
should not leak because we are not explicitly holding onto them.

Additionally in  theory we should also help make the current scope eligible for GC
by changing properties of the current Scope object.

I was able to manually verify that this fixes the problem for the following
example app: http://plnkr.co/edit/FrSw6SCEVODk02Ljo8se

Given the nature of the problem I'm not 100% sure that this will work around
the V8 problem in scenarios common for Angular apps, but I guess it's better
than nothing.

This is a second attempt to enhance the cleanup, the first one failed  and was
reverted because it was too aggressive and caused problems for existing apps.
See: #6897

[1] V8 bug: https://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2073

Closes #6794
Closes #6856
Closes #6968
@al-the-x
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@IgorMinar Was just working with another team that was experiencing an identical issue. We were able to isolate the problem down to a single, simplified example and tested in Chrome Canary, which should include the fix to V8 (according to V8:2073#35), but I can still produce memory leaks. Do you have any insight from the V8 team about this?

yamkazu referenced this issue in yamkazu/monothil Jul 22, 2014
diff --git a/grails-app/assets/javascripts/application.js b/grails-app/assets/javascripts/application.js
index a67f7eb..f7612f8 100644
--- a/grails-app/assets/javascripts/application.js
+++ b/grails-app/assets/javascripts/application.js
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 //
 // Any JavaScript file within this directory can be referenced here using a relative path.
 //
-// You're free to add application-wide JavaScript to this file, but it's generally better
+// You're free to add application-wide JavaScript to this file, but it's generally better
 // to create separate JavaScript files as needed.
 //
 //= require jquery
diff --git a/grails-app/assets/javascripts/controller/IssueController.js b/grails-app/assets/javascripts/controller/IssueController.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2b3c19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/grails-app/assets/javascripts/controller/IssueController.js
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+var Monothil;
+(function (Monothil) {
+    (function (Controller) {
+        var IssueController = (function () {
+            function IssueController($scope) {
+                console.log("xxx");
+            }
+            IssueController.$inject = ['$scope'];
+            return IssueController;
+        })();
+        Controller.IssueController = IssueController;
+    })(Monothil.Controller || (Monothil.Controller = {}));
+    var Controller = Monothil.Controller;
+})(Monothil || (Monothil = {}));
diff --git a/grails-app/assets/javascripts/issue.js b/grails-app/assets/javascripts/issue.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbfd58d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/grails-app/assets/javascripts/issue.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+//= require angular
+//= require_tree controller
+//= require monothil
+//= require_self
diff --git a/grails-app/assets/javascripts/monothil.js b/grails-app/assets/javascripts/monothil.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4086b19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/grails-app/assets/javascripts/monothil.js
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+///<reference path='controller/IssueController.ts' />
+var Monothil;
+(function (Monothil) {
+    var app = angular.module('monothil', []);
+    app.controller(Monothil.Controller);
+})(Monothil || (Monothil = {}));
diff --git a/grails-app/assets/vendor/angular.js b/grails-app/assets/vendor/angular.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..217c403
--- /dev/null
+++ b/grails-app/assets/vendor/angular.js
@@ -0,0 +1,21822 @@
+/**
+ * @license AngularJS v1.2.20
+ * (c) 2010-2014 Google, Inc. http://angularjs.org
+ * License: MIT
+ */
+(function(window, document, undefined) {'use strict';
+
+/**
+ * @description
+ *
+ * This object provides a utility for producing rich Error messages within
+ * Angular. It can be called as follows:
+ *
+ * var exampleMinErr = minErr('example');
+ * throw exampleMinErr('one', 'This {0} is {1}', foo, bar);
+ *
+ * The above creates an instance of minErr in the example namespace. The
+ * resulting error will have a namespaced error code of example.one.  The
+ * resulting error will replace {0} with the value of foo, and {1} with the
+ * value of bar. The object is not restricted in the number of arguments it can
+ * take.
+ *
+ * If fewer arguments are specified than necessary for interpolation, the extra
+ * interpolation markers will be preserved in the final string.
+ *
+ * Since data will be parsed statically during a build step, some restrictions
+ * are applied with respect to how minErr instances are created and called.
+ * Instances should have names of the form namespaceMinErr for a minErr created
+ * using minErr('namespace') . Error codes, namespaces and template strings
+ * should all be static strings, not variables or general expressions.
+ *
+ * @param {string} module The namespace to use for the new minErr instance.
+ * @returns {function(code:string, template:string, ...templateArgs): Error} minErr instance
+ */
+
+function minErr(module) {
+  return function () {
+    var code = arguments[0],
+      prefix = '[' + (module ? module + ':' : '') + code + '] ',
+      template = arguments[1],
+      templateArgs = arguments,
+      stringify = function (obj) {
+        if (typeof obj === 'function') {
+          return obj.toString().replace(/ \{[\s\S]*$/, '');
+        } else if (typeof obj === 'undefined') {
+          return 'undefined';
+        } else if (typeof obj !== 'string') {
+          return JSON.stringify(obj);
+        }
+        return obj;
+      },
+      message, i;
+
+    message = prefix + template.replace(/\{\d+\}/g, function (match) {
+      var index = +match.slice(1, -1), arg;
+
+      if (index + 2 < templateArgs.length) {
+        arg = templateArgs[index + 2];
+        if (typeof arg === 'function') {
+          return arg.toString().replace(/ ?\{[\s\S]*$/, '');
+        } else if (typeof arg === 'undefined') {
+          return 'undefined';
+        } else if (typeof arg !== 'string') {
+          return toJson(arg);
+        }
+        return arg;
+      }
+      return match;
+    });
+
+    message = message + '\nhttp://errors.angularjs.org/1.2.20/' +
+      (module ? module + '/' : '') + code;
+    for (i = 2; i < arguments.length; i++) {
+      message = message + (i == 2 ? '?' : '&') + 'p' + (i-2) + '=' +
+        encodeURIComponent(stringify(arguments[i]));
+    }
+
+    return new Error(message);
+  };
+}
+
+/* We need to tell jshint what variables are being exported */
+/* global
+    -angular,
+    -msie,
+    -jqLite,
+    -jQuery,
+    -slice,
+    -push,
+    -toString,
+    -ngMinErr,
+    -angularModule,
+    -nodeName_,
+    -uid,
+    -VALIDITY_STATE_PROPERTY,
+
+    -lowercase,
+    -uppercase,
+    -manualLowercase,
+    -manualUppercase,
+    -nodeName_,
+    -isArrayLike,
+    -forEach,
+    -sortedKeys,
+    -forEachSorted,
+    -reverseParams,
+    -nextUid,
+    -setHashKey,
+    -extend,
+    -int,
+    -inherit,
+    -noop,
+    -identity,
+    -valueFn,
+    -isUndefined,
+    -isDefined,
+    -isObject,
+    -isString,
+    -isNumber,
+    -isDate,
+    -isArray,
+    -isFunction,
+    -isRegExp,
+    -isWindow,
+    -isScope,
+    -isFile,
+    -isBlob,
+    -isBoolean,
+    -trim,
+    -isElement,
+    -makeMap,
+    -map,
+    -size,
+    -includes,
+    -indexOf,
+    -arrayRemove,
+    -isLeafNode,
+    -copy,
+    -shallowCopy,
+    -equals,
+    -csp,
+    -concat,
+    -sliceArgs,
+    -bind,
+    -toJsonReplacer,
+    -toJson,
+    -fromJson,
+    -toBoolean,
+    -startingTag,
+    -tryDecodeURIComponent,
+    -parseKeyValue,
+    -toKeyValue,
+    -encodeUriSegment,
+    -encodeUriQuery,
+    -angularInit,
+    -bootstrap,
+    -snake_case,
+    -bindJQuery,
+    -assertArg,
+    -assertArgFn,
+    -assertNotHasOwnProperty,
+    -getter,
+    -getBlockElements,
+    -hasOwnProperty,
+
+*/
+
+////////////////////////////////////
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc module
+ * @name ng
+ * @module ng
+ * @description
+ *
+ * # ng (core module)
+ * The ng module is loaded by default when an AngularJS application is started. The module itself
+ * contains the essential components for an AngularJS application to function. The table below
+ * lists a high level breakdown of each of the services/factories, filters, directives and testing
+ * components available within this core module.
+ *
+ * <div doc-module-components="ng"></div>
+ */
+
+// The name of a form control's ValidityState property.
+// This is used so that it's possible for internal tests to create mock ValidityStates.
+var VALIDITY_STATE_PROPERTY = 'validity';
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.lowercase
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description Converts the specified string to lowercase.
+ * @param {string} string String to be converted to lowercase.
+ * @returns {string} Lowercased string.
+ */
+var lowercase = function(string){return isString(string) ? string.toLowerCase() : string;};
+var hasOwnProperty = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.uppercase
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description Converts the specified string to uppercase.
+ * @param {string} string String to be converted to uppercase.
+ * @returns {string} Uppercased string.
+ */
+var uppercase = function(string){return isString(string) ? string.toUpperCase() : string;};
+
+
+var manualLowercase = function(s) {
+  /* jshint bitwise: false */
+  return isString(s)
+      ? s.replace(/[A-Z]/g, function(ch) {return String.fromCharCode(ch.charCodeAt(0) | 32);})
+      : s;
+};
+var manualUppercase = function(s) {
+  /* jshint bitwise: false */
+  return isString(s)
+      ? s.replace(/[a-z]/g, function(ch) {return String.fromCharCode(ch.charCodeAt(0) & ~32);})
+      : s;
+};
+
+
+// String#toLowerCase and String#toUpperCase don't produce correct results in browsers with Turkish
+// locale, for this reason we need to detect this case and redefine lowercase/uppercase methods
+// with correct but slower alternatives.
+if ('i' !== 'I'.toLowerCase()) {
+  lowercase = manualLowercase;
+  uppercase = manualUppercase;
+}
+
+
+var /** holds major version number for IE or NaN for real browsers */
+    msie,
+    jqLite,           // delay binding since jQuery could be loaded after us.
+    jQuery,           // delay binding
+    slice             = [].slice,
+    push              = [].push,
+    toString          = Object.prototype.toString,
+    ngMinErr          = minErr('ng'),
+
+    /** @name angular */
+    angular           = window.angular || (window.angular = {}),
+    angularModule,
+    nodeName_,
+    uid               = ['0', '0', '0'];
+
+/**
+ * IE 11 changed the format of the UserAgent string.
+ * See http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms537503.aspx
+ */
+msie = int((/msie (\d+)/.exec(lowercase(navigator.userAgent)) || [])[1]);
+if (isNaN(msie)) {
+  msie = int((/trident\/.*; rv:(\d+)/.exec(lowercase(navigator.userAgent)) || [])[1]);
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * @private
+ * @param {*} obj
+ * @return {boolean} Returns true if `obj` is an array or array-like object (NodeList, Arguments,
+ *                   String ...)
+ */
+function isArrayLike(obj) {
+  if (obj == null || isWindow(obj)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  var length = obj.length;
+
+  if (obj.nodeType === 1 && length) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return isString(obj) || isArray(obj) || length === 0 ||
+         typeof length === 'number' && length > 0 && (length - 1) in obj;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.forEach
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Invokes the `iterator` function once for each item in `obj` collection, which can be either an
+ * object or an array. The `iterator` function is invoked with `iterator(value, key)`, where `value`
+ * is the value of an object property or an array element and `key` is the object property key or
+ * array element index. Specifying a `context` for the function is optional.
+ *
+ * It is worth noting that `.forEach` does not iterate over inherited properties because it filters
+ * using the `hasOwnProperty` method.
+ *
+   ```js
+     var values = {name: 'misko', gender: 'male'};
+     var log = [];
+     angular.forEach(values, function(value, key) {
+       this.push(key + ': ' + value);
+     }, log);
+     expect(log).toEqual(['name: misko', 'gender: male']);
+   ```
+ *
+ * @param {Object|Array} obj Object to iterate over.
+ * @param {Function} iterator Iterator function.
+ * @param {Object=} context Object to become context (`this`) for the iterator function.
+ * @returns {Object|Array} Reference to `obj`.
+ */
+function forEach(obj, iterator, context) {
+  var key;
+  if (obj) {
+    if (isFunction(obj)) {
+      for (key in obj) {
+        // Need to check if hasOwnProperty exists,
+        // as on IE8 the result of querySelectorAll is an object without a hasOwnProperty function
+        if (key != 'prototype' && key != 'length' && key != 'name' && (!obj.hasOwnProperty || obj.hasOwnProperty(key))) {
+          iterator.call(context, obj[key], key);
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (obj.forEach && obj.forEach !== forEach) {
+      obj.forEach(iterator, context);
+    } else if (isArrayLike(obj)) {
+      for (key = 0; key < obj.length; key++)
+        iterator.call(context, obj[key], key);
+    } else {
+      for (key in obj) {
+        if (obj.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+          iterator.call(context, obj[key], key);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return obj;
+}
+
+function sortedKeys(obj) {
+  var keys = [];
+  for (var key in obj) {
+    if (obj.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+      keys.push(key);
+    }
+  }
+  return keys.sort();
+}
+
+function forEachSorted(obj, iterator, context) {
+  var keys = sortedKeys(obj);
+  for ( var i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
+    iterator.call(context, obj[keys[i]], keys[i]);
+  }
+  return keys;
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * when using forEach the params are value, key, but it is often useful to have key, value.
+ * @param {function(string, *)} iteratorFn
+ * @returns {function(*, string)}
+ */
+function reverseParams(iteratorFn) {
+  return function(value, key) { iteratorFn(key, value); };
+}
+
+/**
+ * A consistent way of creating unique IDs in angular. The ID is a sequence of alpha numeric
+ * characters such as '012ABC'. The reason why we are not using simply a number counter is that
+ * the number string gets longer over time, and it can also overflow, where as the nextId
+ * will grow much slower, it is a string, and it will never overflow.
+ *
+ * @returns {string} an unique alpha-numeric string
+ */
+function nextUid() {
+  var index = uid.length;
+  var digit;
+
+  while(index) {
+    index--;
+    digit = uid[index].charCodeAt(0);
+    if (digit == 57 /*'9'*/) {
+      uid[index] = 'A';
+      return uid.join('');
+    }
+    if (digit == 90  /*'Z'*/) {
+      uid[index] = '0';
+    } else {
+      uid[index] = String.fromCharCode(digit + 1);
+      return uid.join('');
+    }
+  }
+  uid.unshift('0');
+  return uid.join('');
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * Set or clear the hashkey for an object.
+ * @param obj object
+ * @param h the hashkey (!truthy to delete the hashkey)
+ */
+function setHashKey(obj, h) {
+  if (h) {
+    obj.$$hashKey = h;
+  }
+  else {
+    delete obj.$$hashKey;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.extend
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Extends the destination object `dst` by copying all of the properties from the `src` object(s)
+ * to `dst`. You can specify multiple `src` objects.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} dst Destination object.
+ * @param {...Object} src Source object(s).
+ * @returns {Object} Reference to `dst`.
+ */
+function extend(dst) {
+  var h = dst.$$hashKey;
+  forEach(arguments, function(obj) {
+    if (obj !== dst) {
+      forEach(obj, function(value, key) {
+        dst[key] = value;
+      });
+    }
+  });
+
+  setHashKey(dst,h);
+  return dst;
+}
+
+function int(str) {
+  return parseInt(str, 10);
+}
+
+
+function inherit(parent, extra) {
+  return extend(new (extend(function() {}, {prototype:parent}))(), extra);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.noop
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * A function that performs no operations. This function can be useful when writing code in the
+ * functional style.
+   ```js
+     function foo(callback) {
+       var result = calculateResult();
+       (callback || angular.noop)(result);
+     }
+   ```
+ */
+function noop() {}
+noop.$inject = [];
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.identity
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * A function that returns its first argument. This function is useful when writing code in the
+ * functional style.
+ *
+   ```js
+     function transformer(transformationFn, value) {
+       return (transformationFn || angular.identity)(value);
+     };
+   ```
+ */
+function identity($) {return $;}
+identity.$inject = [];
+
+
+function valueFn(value) {return function() {return value;};}
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.isUndefined
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Determines if a reference is undefined.
+ *
+ * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is undefined.
+ */
+function isUndefined(value){return typeof value === 'undefined';}
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.isDefined
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Determines if a reference is defined.
+ *
+ * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is defined.
+ */
+function isDefined(value){return typeof value !== 'undefined';}
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.isObject
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Determines if a reference is an `Object`. Unlike `typeof` in JavaScript, `null`s are not
+ * considered to be objects. Note that JavaScript arrays are objects.
+ *
+ * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is an `Object` but not `null`.
+ */
+function isObject(value){return value != null && typeof value === 'object';}
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.isString
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Determines if a reference is a `String`.
+ *
+ * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is a `String`.
+ */
+function isString(value){return typeof value === 'string';}
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.isNumber
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Determines if a reference is a `Number`.
+ *
+ * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is a `Number`.
+ */
+function isNumber(value){return typeof value === 'number';}
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.isDate
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Determines if a value is a date.
+ *
+ * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is a `Date`.
+ */
+function isDate(value) {
+  return toString.call(value) === '[object Date]';
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.isArray
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Determines if a reference is an `Array`.
+ *
+ * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is an `Array`.
+ */
+var isArray = (function() {
+  if (!isFunction(Array.isArray)) {
+    return function(value) {
+      return toString.call(value) === '[object Array]';
+    };
+  }
+  return Array.isArray;
+})();
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.isFunction
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Determines if a reference is a `Function`.
+ *
+ * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is a `Function`.
+ */
+function isFunction(value){return typeof value === 'function';}
+
+
+/**
+ * Determines if a value is a regular expression object.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is a `RegExp`.
+ */
+function isRegExp(value) {
+  return toString.call(value) === '[object RegExp]';
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * Checks if `obj` is a window object.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {*} obj Object to check
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `obj` is a window obj.
+ */
+function isWindow(obj) {
+  return obj && obj.document && obj.location && obj.alert && obj.setInterval;
+}
+
+
+function isScope(obj) {
+  return obj && obj.$evalAsync && obj.$watch;
+}
+
+
+function isFile(obj) {
+  return toString.call(obj) === '[object File]';
+}
+
+
+function isBlob(obj) {
+  return toString.call(obj) === '[object Blob]';
+}
+
+
+function isBoolean(value) {
+  return typeof value === 'boolean';
+}
+
+
+var trim = (function() {
+  // native trim is way faster: http://jsperf.com/angular-trim-test
+  // but IE doesn't have it... :-(
+  // TODO: we should move this into IE/ES5 polyfill
+  if (!String.prototype.trim) {
+    return function(value) {
+      return isString(value) ? value.replace(/^\s\s*/, '').replace(/\s\s*$/, '') : value;
+    };
+  }
+  return function(value) {
+    return isString(value) ? value.trim() : value;
+  };
+})();
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.isElement
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Determines if a reference is a DOM element (or wrapped jQuery element).
+ *
+ * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is a DOM element (or wrapped jQuery element).
+ */
+function isElement(node) {
+  return !!(node &&
+    (node.nodeName  // we are a direct element
+    || (node.prop && node.attr && node.find)));  // we have an on and find method part of jQuery API
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param str 'key1,key2,...'
+ * @returns {object} in the form of {key1:true, key2:true, ...}
+ */
+function makeMap(str) {
+  var obj = {}, items = str.split(","), i;
+  for ( i = 0; i < items.length; i++ )
+    obj[ items[i] ] = true;
+  return obj;
+}
+
+
+if (msie < 9) {
+  nodeName_ = function(element) {
+    element = element.nodeName ? element : element[0];
+    return (element.scopeName && element.scopeName != 'HTML')
+      ? uppercase(element.scopeName + ':' + element.nodeName) : element.nodeName;
+  };
+} else {
+  nodeName_ = function(element) {
+    return element.nodeName ? element.nodeName : element[0].nodeName;
+  };
+}
+
+
+function map(obj, iterator, context) {
+  var results = [];
+  forEach(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+    results.push(iterator.call(context, value, index, list));
+  });
+  return results;
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * @description
+ * Determines the number of elements in an array, the number of properties an object has, or
+ * the length of a string.
+ *
+ * Note: This function is used to augment the Object type in Angular expressions. See
+ * {@link angular.Object} for more information about Angular arrays.
+ *
+ * @param {Object|Array|string} obj Object, array, or string to inspect.
+ * @param {boolean} [ownPropsOnly=false] Count only "own" properties in an object
+ * @returns {number} The size of `obj` or `0` if `obj` is neither an object nor an array.
+ */
+function size(obj, ownPropsOnly) {
+  var count = 0, key;
+
+  if (isArray(obj) || isString(obj)) {
+    return obj.length;
+  } else if (isObject(obj)) {
+    for (key in obj)
+      if (!ownPropsOnly || obj.hasOwnProperty(key))
+        count++;
+  }
+
+  return count;
+}
+
+
+function includes(array, obj) {
+  return indexOf(array, obj) != -1;
+}
+
+function indexOf(array, obj) {
+  if (array.indexOf) return array.indexOf(obj);
+
+  for (var i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
+    if (obj === array[i]) return i;
+  }
+  return -1;
+}
+
+function arrayRemove(array, value) {
+  var index = indexOf(array, value);
+  if (index >=0)
+    array.splice(index, 1);
+  return value;
+}
+
+function isLeafNode (node) {
+  if (node) {
+    switch (node.nodeName) {
+    case "OPTION":
+    case "PRE":
+    case "TITLE":
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.copy
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Creates a deep copy of `source`, which should be an object or an array.
+ *
+ * * If no destination is supplied, a copy of the object or array is created.
+ * * If a destination is provided, all of its elements (for array) or properties (for objects)
+ *   are deleted and then all elements/properties from the source are copied to it.
+ * * If `source` is not an object or array (inc. `null` and `undefined`), `source` is returned.
+ * * If `source` is identical to 'destination' an exception will be thrown.
+ *
+ * @param {*} source The source that will be used to make a copy.
+ *                   Can be any type, including primitives, `null`, and `undefined`.
+ * @param {(Object|Array)=} destination Destination into which the source is copied. If
+ *     provided, must be of the same type as `source`.
+ * @returns {*} The copy or updated `destination`, if `destination` was specified.
+ *
+ * @example
+ <example module="copyExample">
+ <file name="index.html">
+ <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+ <form novalidate class="simple-form">
+ Name: <input type="text" ng-model="user.name" /><br />
+ E-mail: <input type="email" ng-model="user.email" /><br />
+ Gender: <input type="radio" ng-model="user.gender" value="male" />male
+ <input type="radio" ng-model="user.gender" value="female" />female<br />
+ <button ng-click="reset()">RESET</button>
+ <button ng-click="update(user)">SAVE</button>
+ </form>
+ <pre>form = {{user | json}}</pre>
+ <pre>master = {{master | json}}</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <script>
+  angular.module('copyExample')
+    .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+      $scope.master= {};
+
+      $scope.update = function(user) {
+        // Example with 1 argument
+        $scope.master= angular.copy(user);
+      };
+
+      $scope.reset = function() {
+        // Example with 2 arguments
+        angular.copy($scope.master, $scope.user);
+      };
+
+      $scope.reset();
+    }]);
+ </script>
+ </file>
+ </example>
+ */
+function copy(source, destination, stackSource, stackDest) {
+  if (isWindow(source) || isScope(source)) {
+    throw ngMinErr('cpws',
+      "Can't copy! Making copies of Window or Scope instances is not supported.");
+  }
+
+  if (!destination) {
+    destination = source;
+    if (source) {
+      if (isArray(source)) {
+        destination = copy(source, [], stackSource, stackDest);
+      } else if (isDate(source)) {
+        destination = new Date(source.getTime());
+      } else if (isRegExp(source)) {
+        destination = new RegExp(source.source);
+      } else if (isObject(source)) {
+        destination = copy(source, {}, stackSource, stackDest);
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (source === destination) throw ngMinErr('cpi',
+      "Can't copy! Source and destination are identical.");
+
+    stackSource = stackSource || [];
+    stackDest = stackDest || [];
+
+    if (isObject(source)) {
+      var index = indexOf(stackSource, source);
+      if (index !== -1) return stackDest[index];
+
+      stackSource.push(source);
+      stackDest.push(destination);
+    }
+
+    var result;
+    if (isArray(source)) {
+      destination.length = 0;
+      for ( var i = 0; i < source.length; i++) {
+        result = copy(source[i], null, stackSource, stackDest);
+        if (isObject(source[i])) {
+          stackSource.push(source[i]);
+          stackDest.push(result);
+        }
+        destination.push(result);
+      }
+    } else {
+      var h = destination.$$hashKey;
+      forEach(destination, function(value, key) {
+        delete destination[key];
+      });
+      for ( var key in source) {
+        result = copy(source[key], null, stackSource, stackDest);
+        if (isObject(source[key])) {
+          stackSource.push(source[key]);
+          stackDest.push(result);
+        }
+        destination[key] = result;
+      }
+      setHashKey(destination,h);
+    }
+
+  }
+  return destination;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a shallow copy of an object, an array or a primitive
+ */
+function shallowCopy(src, dst) {
+  if (isArray(src)) {
+    dst = dst || [];
+
+    for ( var i = 0; i < src.length; i++) {
+      dst[i] = src[i];
+    }
+  } else if (isObject(src)) {
+    dst = dst || {};
+
+    for (var key in src) {
+      if (hasOwnProperty.call(src, key) && !(key.charAt(0) === '$' && key.charAt(1) === '$')) {
+        dst[key] = src[key];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return dst || src;
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.equals
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Determines if two objects or two values are equivalent. Supports value types, regular
+ * expressions, arrays and objects.
+ *
+ * Two objects or values are considered equivalent if at least one of the following is true:
+ *
+ * * Both objects or values pass `===` comparison.
+ * * Both objects or values are of the same type and all of their properties are equal by
+ *   comparing them with `angular.equals`.
+ * * Both values are NaN. (In JavaScript, NaN == NaN => false. But we consider two NaN as equal)
+ * * Both values represent the same regular expression (In JavaScript,
+ *   /abc/ == /abc/ => false. But we consider two regular expressions as equal when their textual
+ *   representation matches).
+ *
+ * During a property comparison, properties of `function` type and properties with names
+ * that begin with `$` are ignored.
+ *
+ * Scope and DOMWindow objects are being compared only by identify (`===`).
+ *
+ * @param {*} o1 Object or value to compare.
+ * @param {*} o2 Object or value to compare.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if arguments are equal.
+ */
+function equals(o1, o2) {
+  if (o1 === o2) return true;
+  if (o1 === null || o2 === null) return false;
+  if (o1 !== o1 && o2 !== o2) return true; // NaN === NaN
+  var t1 = typeof o1, t2 = typeof o2, length, key, keySet;
+  if (t1 == t2) {
+    if (t1 == 'object') {
+      if (isArray(o1)) {
+        if (!isArray(o2)) return false;
+        if ((length = o1.length) == o2.length) {
+          for(key=0; key<length; key++) {
+            if (!equals(o1[key], o2[key])) return false;
+          }
+          return true;
+        }
+      } else if (isDate(o1)) {
+        return isDate(o2) && o1.getTime() == o2.getTime();
+      } else if (isRegExp(o1) && isRegExp(o2)) {
+        return o1.toString() == o2.toString();
+      } else {
+        if (isScope(o1) || isScope(o2) || isWindow(o1) || isWindow(o2) || isArray(o2)) return false;
+        keySet = {};
+        for(key in o1) {
+          if (key.charAt(0) === '$' || isFunction(o1[key])) continue;
+          if (!equals(o1[key], o2[key])) return false;
+          keySet[key] = true;
+        }
+        for(key in o2) {
+          if (!keySet.hasOwnProperty(key) &&
+              key.charAt(0) !== '$' &&
+              o2[key] !== undefined &&
+              !isFunction(o2[key])) return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+
+function csp() {
+  return (document.securityPolicy && document.securityPolicy.isActive) ||
+      (document.querySelector &&
+      !!(document.querySelector('[ng-csp]') || document.querySelector('[data-ng-csp]')));
+}
+
+
+function concat(array1, array2, index) {
+  return array1.concat(slice.call(array2, index));
+}
+
+function sliceArgs(args, startIndex) {
+  return slice.call(args, startIndex || 0);
+}
+
+
+/* jshint -W101 */
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.bind
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Returns a function which calls function `fn` bound to `self` (`self` becomes the `this` for
+ * `fn`). You can supply optional `args` that are prebound to the function. This feature is also
+ * known as [partial application](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_application), as
+ * distinguished from [function currying](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currying#Contrast_with_partial_function_application).
+ *
+ * @param {Object} self Context which `fn` should be evaluated in.
+ * @param {function()} fn Function to be bound.
+ * @param {...*} args Optional arguments to be prebound to the `fn` function call.
+ * @returns {function()} Function that wraps the `fn` with all the specified bindings.
+ */
+/* jshint +W101 */
+function bind(self, fn) {
+  var curryArgs = arguments.length > 2 ? sliceArgs(arguments, 2) : [];
+  if (isFunction(fn) && !(fn instanceof RegExp)) {
+    return curryArgs.length
+      ? function() {
+          return arguments.length
+            ? fn.apply(self, curryArgs.concat(slice.call(arguments, 0)))
+            : fn.apply(self, curryArgs);
+        }
+      : function() {
+          return arguments.length
+            ? fn.apply(self, arguments)
+            : fn.call(self);
+        };
+  } else {
+    // in IE, native methods are not functions so they cannot be bound (note: they don't need to be)
+    return fn;
+  }
+}
+
+
+function toJsonReplacer(key, value) {
+  var val = value;
+
+  if (typeof key === 'string' && key.charAt(0) === '$') {
+    val = undefined;
+  } else if (isWindow(value)) {
+    val = '$WINDOW';
+  } else if (value &&  document === value) {
+    val = '$DOCUMENT';
+  } else if (isScope(value)) {
+    val = '$SCOPE';
+  }
+
+  return val;
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.toJson
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Serializes input into a JSON-formatted string. Properties with leading $ characters will be
+ * stripped since angular uses this notation internally.
+ *
+ * @param {Object|Array|Date|string|number} obj Input to be serialized into JSON.
+ * @param {boolean=} pretty If set to true, the JSON output will contain newlines and whitespace.
+ * @returns {string|undefined} JSON-ified string representing `obj`.
+ */
+function toJson(obj, pretty) {
+  if (typeof obj === 'undefined') return undefined;
+  return JSON.stringify(obj, toJsonReplacer, pretty ? '  ' : null);
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.fromJson
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Deserializes a JSON string.
+ *
+ * @param {string} json JSON string to deserialize.
+ * @returns {Object|Array|string|number} Deserialized thingy.
+ */
+function fromJson(json) {
+  return isString(json)
+      ? JSON.parse(json)
+      : json;
+}
+
+
+function toBoolean(value) {
+  if (typeof value === 'function') {
+    value = true;
+  } else if (value && value.length !== 0) {
+    var v = lowercase("" + value);
+    value = !(v == 'f' || v == '0' || v == 'false' || v == 'no' || v == 'n' || v == '[]');
+  } else {
+    value = false;
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @returns {string} Returns the string representation of the element.
+ */
+function startingTag(element) {
+  element = jqLite(element).clone();
+  try {
+    // turns out IE does not let you set .html() on elements which
+    // are not allowed to have children. So we just ignore it.
+    element.empty();
+  } catch(e) {}
+  // As Per DOM Standards
+  var TEXT_NODE = 3;
+  var elemHtml = jqLite('<div>').append(element).html();
+  try {
+    return element[0].nodeType === TEXT_NODE ? lowercase(elemHtml) :
+        elemHtml.
+          match(/^(<[^>]+>)/)[1].
+          replace(/^<([\w\-]+)/, function(match, nodeName) { return '<' + lowercase(nodeName); });
+  } catch(e) {
+    return lowercase(elemHtml);
+  }
+
+}
+
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+/**
+ * Tries to decode the URI component without throwing an exception.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param str value potential URI component to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` can be decoded
+ * with the decodeURIComponent function.
+ */
+function tryDecodeURIComponent(value) {
+  try {
+    return decodeURIComponent(value);
+  } catch(e) {
+    // Ignore any invalid uri component
+  }
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * Parses an escaped url query string into key-value pairs.
+ * @returns {Object.<string,boolean|Array>}
+ */
+function parseKeyValue(/**string*/keyValue) {
+  var obj = {}, key_value, key;
+  forEach((keyValue || "").split('&'), function(keyValue) {
+    if ( keyValue ) {
+      key_value = keyValue.split('=');
+      key = tryDecodeURIComponent(key_value[0]);
+      if ( isDefined(key) ) {
+        var val = isDefined(key_value[1]) ? tryDecodeURIComponent(key_value[1]) : true;
+        if (!hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) {
+          obj[key] = val;
+        } else if(isArray(obj[key])) {
+          obj[key].push(val);
+        } else {
+          obj[key] = [obj[key],val];
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  });
+  return obj;
+}
+
+function toKeyValue(obj) {
+  var parts = [];
+  forEach(obj, function(value, key) {
+    if (isArray(value)) {
+      forEach(value, function(arrayValue) {
+        parts.push(encodeUriQuery(key, true) +
+                   (arrayValue === true ? '' : '=' + encodeUriQuery(arrayValue, true)));
+      });
+    } else {
+    parts.push(encodeUriQuery(key, true) +
+               (value === true ? '' : '=' + encodeUriQuery(value, true)));
+    }
+  });
+  return parts.length ? parts.join('&') : '';
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * We need our custom method because encodeURIComponent is too aggressive and doesn't follow
+ * http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt with regards to the character set (pchar) allowed in path
+ * segments:
+ *    segment       = *pchar
+ *    pchar         = unreserved / pct-encoded / sub-delims / ":" / "@"
+ *    pct-encoded   = "%" HEXDIG HEXDIG
+ *    unreserved    = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "." / "_" / "~"
+ *    sub-delims    = "!" / "$" / "&" / "'" / "(" / ")"
+ *                     / "*" / "+" / "," / ";" / "="
+ */
+function encodeUriSegment(val) {
+  return encodeUriQuery(val, true).
+             replace(/%26/gi, '&').
+             replace(/%3D/gi, '=').
+             replace(/%2B/gi, '+');
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * This method is intended for encoding *key* or *value* parts of query component. We need a custom
+ * method because encodeURIComponent is too aggressive and encodes stuff that doesn't have to be
+ * encoded per http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986:
+ *    query       = *( pchar / "/" / "?" )
+ *    pchar         = unreserved / pct-encoded / sub-delims / ":" / "@"
+ *    unreserved    = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "." / "_" / "~"
+ *    pct-encoded   = "%" HEXDIG HEXDIG
+ *    sub-delims    = "!" / "$" / "&" / "'" / "(" / ")"
+ *                     / "*" / "+" / "," / ";" / "="
+ */
+function encodeUriQuery(val, pctEncodeSpaces) {
+  return encodeURIComponent(val).
+             replace(/%40/gi, '@').
+             replace(/%3A/gi, ':').
+             replace(/%24/g, '$').
+             replace(/%2C/gi, ',').
+             replace(/%20/g, (pctEncodeSpaces ? '%20' : '+'));
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc directive
+ * @name ngApp
+ * @module ng
+ *
+ * @element ANY
+ * @param {angular.Module} ngApp an optional application
+ *   {@link angular.module module} name to load.
+ *
+ * @description
+ *
+ * Use this directive to **auto-bootstrap** an AngularJS application. The `ngApp` directive
+ * designates the **root element** of the application and is typically placed near the root element
+ * of the page - e.g. on the `<body>` or `<html>` tags.
+ *
+ * Only one AngularJS application can be auto-bootstrapped per HTML document. The first `ngApp`
+ * found in the document will be used to define the root element to auto-bootstrap as an
+ * application. To run multiple applications in an HTML document you must manually bootstrap them using
+ * {@link angular.bootstrap} instead. AngularJS applications cannot be nested within each other.
+ *
+ * You can specify an **AngularJS module** to be used as the root module for the application.  This
+ * module will be loaded into the {@link auto.$injector} when the application is bootstrapped and
+ * should contain the application code needed or have dependencies on other modules that will
+ * contain the code. See {@link angular.module} for more information.
+ *
+ * In the example below if the `ngApp` directive were not placed on the `html` element then the
+ * document would not be compiled, the `AppController` would not be instantiated and the `{{ a+b }}`
+ * would not be resolved to `3`.
+ *
+ * `ngApp` is the easiest, and most common, way to bootstrap an application.
+ *
+ <example module="ngAppDemo">
+   <file name="index.html">
+   <div ng-controller="ngAppDemoController">
+     I can add: {{a}} + {{b}} =  {{ a+b }}
+   </div>
+   </file>
+   <file name="script.js">
+   angular.module('ngAppDemo', []).controller('ngAppDemoController', function($scope) {
+     $scope.a = 1;
+     $scope.b = 2;
+   });
+   </file>
+ </example>
+ *
+ */
+function angularInit(element, bootstrap) {
+  var elements = [element],
+      appElement,
+      module,
+      names = ['ng:app', 'ng-app', 'x-ng-app', 'data-ng-app'],
+      NG_APP_CLASS_REGEXP = /\sng[:\-]app(:\s*([\w\d_]+);?)?\s/;
+
+  function append(element) {
+    element && elements.push(element);
+  }
+
+  forEach(names, function(name) {
+    names[name] = true;
+    append(document.getElementById(name));
+    name = name.replace(':', '\\:');
+    if (element.querySelectorAll) {
+      forEach(element.querySelectorAll('.' + name), append);
+      forEach(element.querySelectorAll('.' + name + '\\:'), append);
+      forEach(element.querySelectorAll('[' + name + ']'), append);
+    }
+  });
+
+  forEach(elements, function(element) {
+    if (!appElement) {
+      var className = ' ' + element.className + ' ';
+      var match = NG_APP_CLASS_REGEXP.exec(className);
+      if (match) {
+        appElement = element;
+        module = (match[2] || '').replace(/\s+/g, ',');
+      } else {
+        forEach(element.attributes, function(attr) {
+          if (!appElement && names[attr.name]) {
+            appElement = element;
+            module = attr.value;
+          }
+        });
+      }
+    }
+  });
+  if (appElement) {
+    bootstrap(appElement, module ? [module] : []);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.bootstrap
+ * @module ng
+ * @description
+ * Use this function to manually start up angular application.
+ *
+ * See: {@link guide/bootstrap Bootstrap}
+ *
+ * Note that ngScenario-based end-to-end tests cannot use this function to bootstrap manually.
+ * They must use {@link ng.directive:ngApp ngApp}.
+ *
+ * Angular will detect if it has been loaded into the browser more than once and only allow the
+ * first loaded script to be bootstrapped and will report a warning to the browser console for
+ * each of the subsequent scripts. This prevents strange results in applications, where otherwise
+ * multiple instances of Angular try to work on the DOM.
+ *
+ * <example name="multi-bootstrap" module="multi-bootstrap">
+ * <file name="index.html">
+ * <script src="../../../angular.js"></script>
+ * <div ng-controller="BrokenTable">
+ *   <table>
+ *   <tr>
+ *     <th ng-repeat="heading in headings">{{heading}}</th>
+ *   </tr>
+ *   <tr ng-repeat="filling in fillings">
+ *     <td ng-repeat="fill in filling">{{fill}}</td>
+ *   </tr>
+ * </table>
+ * </div>
+ * </file>
+ * <file name="controller.js">
+ * var app = angular.module('multi-bootstrap', [])
+ *
+ * .controller('BrokenTable', function($scope) {
+ *     $scope.headings = ['One', 'Two', 'Three'];
+ *     $scope.fillings = [[1, 2, 3], ['A', 'B', 'C'], [7, 8, 9]];
+ * });
+ * </file>
+ * <file name="protractor.js" type="protractor">
+ * it('should only insert one table cell for each item in $scope.fillings', function() {
+ *  expect(element.all(by.css('td')).count())
+ *      .toBe(9);
+ * });
+ * </file>
+ * </example>
+ *
+ * @param {DOMElement} element DOM element which is the root of angular application.
+ * @param {Array<String|Function|Array>=} modules an array of modules to load into the application.
+ *     Each item in the array should be the name of a predefined module or a (DI annotated)
+ *     function that will be invoked by the injector as a run block.
+ *     See: {@link angular.module modules}
+ * @returns {auto.$injector} Returns the newly created injector for this app.
+ */
+function bootstrap(element, modules) {
+  var doBootstrap = function() {
+    element = jqLite(element);
+
+    if (element.injector()) {
+      var tag = (element[0] === document) ? 'document' : startingTag(element);
+      throw ngMinErr('btstrpd', "App Already Bootstrapped with this Element '{0}'", tag);
+    }
+
+    modules = modules || [];
+    modules.unshift(['$provide', function($provide) {
+      $provide.value('$rootElement', element);
+    }]);
+    modules.unshift('ng');
+    var injector = createInjector(modules);
+    injector.invoke(['$rootScope', '$rootElement', '$compile', '$injector', '$animate',
+       function(scope, element, compile, injector, animate) {
+        scope.$apply(function() {
+          element.data('$injector', injector);
+          compile(element)(scope);
+        });
+      }]
+    );
+    return injector;
+  };
+
+  var NG_DEFER_BOOTSTRAP = /^NG_DEFER_BOOTSTRAP!/;
+
+  if (window && !NG_DEFER_BOOTSTRAP.test(window.name)) {
+    return doBootstrap();
+  }
+
+  window.name = window.name.replace(NG_DEFER_BOOTSTRAP, '');
+  angular.resumeBootstrap = function(extraModules) {
+    forEach(extraModules, function(module) {
+      modules.push(module);
+    });
+    doBootstrap();
+  };
+}
+
+var SNAKE_CASE_REGEXP = /[A-Z]/g;
+function snake_case(name, separator) {
+  separator = separator || '_';
+  return name.replace(SNAKE_CASE_REGEXP, function(letter, pos) {
+    return (pos ? separator : '') + letter.toLowerCase();
+  });
+}
+
+function bindJQuery() {
+  // bind to jQuery if present;
+  jQuery = window.jQuery;
+  // Use jQuery if it exists with proper functionality, otherwise default to us.
+  // Angular 1.2+ requires jQuery 1.7.1+ for on()/off() support.
+  if (jQuery && jQuery.fn.on) {
+    jqLite = jQuery;
+    extend(jQuery.fn, {
+      scope: JQLitePrototype.scope,
+      isolateScope: JQLitePrototype.isolateScope,
+      controller: JQLitePrototype.controller,
+      injector: JQLitePrototype.injector,
+      inheritedData: JQLitePrototype.inheritedData
+    });
+    // Method signature:
+    //     jqLitePatchJQueryRemove(name, dispatchThis, filterElems, getterIfNoArguments)
+    jqLitePatchJQueryRemove('remove', true, true, false);
+    jqLitePatchJQueryRemove('empty', false, false, false);
+    jqLitePatchJQueryRemove('html', false, false, true);
+  } else {
+    jqLite = JQLite;
+  }
+  angular.element = jqLite;
+}
+
+/**
+ * throw error if the argument is falsy.
+ */
+function assertArg(arg, name, reason) {
+  if (!arg) {
+    throw ngMinErr('areq', "Argument '{0}' is {1}", (name || '?'), (reason || "required"));
+  }
+  return arg;
+}
+
+function assertArgFn(arg, name, acceptArrayAnnotation) {
+  if (acceptArrayAnnotation && isArray(arg)) {
+      arg = arg[arg.length - 1];
+  }
+
+  assertArg(isFunction(arg), name, 'not a function, got ' +
+      (arg && typeof arg === 'object' ? arg.constructor.name || 'Object' : typeof arg));
+  return arg;
+}
+
+/**
+ * throw error if the name given is hasOwnProperty
+ * @param  {String} name    the name to test
+ * @param  {String} context the context in which the name is used, such as module or directive
+ */
+function assertNotHasOwnProperty(name, context) {
+  if (name === 'hasOwnProperty') {
+    throw ngMinErr('badname', "hasOwnProperty is not a valid {0} name", context);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return the value accessible from the object by path. Any undefined traversals are ignored
+ * @param {Object} obj starting object
+ * @param {String} path path to traverse
+ * @param {boolean} [bindFnToScope=true]
+ * @returns {Object} value as accessible by path
+ */
+//TODO(misko): this function needs to be removed
+function getter(obj, path, bindFnToScope) {
+  if (!path) return obj;
+  var keys = path.split('.');
+  var key;
+  var lastInstance = obj;
+  var len = keys.length;
+
+  for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+    key = keys[i];
+    if (obj) {
+      obj = (lastInstance = obj)[key];
+    }
+  }
+  if (!bindFnToScope && isFunction(obj)) {
+    return bind(lastInstance, obj);
+  }
+  return obj;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return the DOM siblings between the first and last node in the given array.
+ * @param {Array} array like object
+ * @returns {DOMElement} object containing the elements
+ */
+function getBlockElements(nodes) {
+  var startNode = nodes[0],
+      endNode = nodes[nodes.length - 1];
+  if (startNode === endNode) {
+    return jqLite(startNode);
+  }
+
+  var element = startNode;
+  var elements = [element];
+
+  do {
+    element = element.nextSibling;
+    if (!element) break;
+    elements.push(element);
+  } while (element !== endNode);
+
+  return jqLite(elements);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc type
+ * @name angular.Module
+ * @module ng
+ * @description
+ *
+ * Interface for configuring angular {@link angular.module modules}.
+ */
+
+function setupModuleLoader(window) {
+
+  var $injectorMinErr = minErr('$injector');
+  var ngMinErr = minErr('ng');
+
+  function ensure(obj, name, factory) {
+    return obj[name] || (obj[name] = factory());
+  }
+
+  var angular = ensure(window, 'angular', Object);
+
+  // We need to expose `angular.$$minErr` to modules such as `ngResource` that reference it during bootstrap
+  angular.$$minErr = angular.$$minErr || minErr;
+
+  return ensure(angular, 'module', function() {
+    /** @type {Object.<string, angular.Module>} */
+    var modules = {};
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.module
+     * @module ng
+     * @description
+     *
+     * The `angular.module` is a global place for creating, registering and retrieving Angular
+     * modules.
+     * All modules (angular core or 3rd party) that should be available to an application must be
+     * registered using this mechanism.
+     *
+     * When passed two or more arguments, a new module is created.  If passed only one argument, an
+     * existing module (the name passed as the first argument to `module`) is retrieved.
+     *
+     *
+     * # Module
+     *
+     * A module is a collection of services, directives, controllers, filters, and configuration information.
+     * `angular.module` is used to configure the {@link auto.$injector $injector}.
+     *
+     * ```js
+     * // Create a new module
+     * var myModule = angular.module('myModule', []);
+     *
+     * // register a new service
+     * myModule.value('appName', 'MyCoolApp');
+     *
+     * // configure existing services inside initialization blocks.
+     * myModule.config(['$locationProvider', function($locationProvider) {
+     *   // Configure existing providers
+     *   $locationProvider.hashPrefix('!');
+     * }]);
+     * ```
+     *
+     * Then you can create an injector and load your modules like this:
+     *
+     * ```js
+     * var injector = angular.injector(['ng', 'myModule'])
+     * ```
+     *
+     * However it's more likely that you'll just use
+     * {@link ng.directive:ngApp ngApp} or
+     * {@link angular.bootstrap} to simplify this process for you.
+     *
+     * @param {!string} name The name of the module to create or retrieve.
+     * @param {!Array.<string>=} requires If specified then new module is being created. If
+     *        unspecified then the module is being retrieved for further configuration.
+     * @param {Function=} configFn Optional configuration function for the module. Same as
+     *        {@link angular.Module#config Module#config()}.
+     * @returns {module} new module with the {@link angular.Module} api.
+     */
+    return function module(name, requires, configFn) {
+      var assertNotHasOwnProperty = function(name, context) {
+        if (name === 'hasOwnProperty') {
+          throw ngMinErr('badname', 'hasOwnProperty is not a valid {0} name', context);
+        }
+      };
+
+      assertNotHasOwnProperty(name, 'module');
+      if (requires && modules.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+        modules[name] = null;
+      }
+      return ensure(modules, name, function() {
+        if (!requires) {
+          throw $injectorMinErr('nomod', "Module '{0}' is not available! You either misspelled " +
+             "the module name or forgot to load it. If registering a module ensure that you " +
+             "specify the dependencies as the second argument.", name);
+        }
+
+        /** @type {!Array.<Array.<*>>} */
+        var invokeQueue = [];
+
+        /** @type {!Array.<Function>} */
+        var runBlocks = [];
+
+        var config = invokeLater('$injector', 'invoke');
+
+        /** @type {angular.Module} */
+        var moduleInstance = {
+          // Private state
+          _invokeQueue: invokeQueue,
+          _runBlocks: runBlocks,
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc property
+           * @name angular.Module#requires
+           * @module ng
+           * @returns {Array.<string>} List of module names which must be loaded before this module.
+           * @description
+           * Holds the list of modules which the injector will load before the current module is
+           * loaded.
+           */
+          requires: requires,
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc property
+           * @name angular.Module#name
+           * @module ng
+           * @returns {string} Name of the module.
+           * @description
+           */
+          name: name,
+
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#provider
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {string} name service name
+           * @param {Function} providerType Construction function for creating new instance of the
+           *                                service.
+           * @description
+           * See {@link auto.$provide#provider $provide.provider()}.
+           */
+          provider: invokeLater('$provide', 'provider'),
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#factory
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {string} name service name
+           * @param {Function} providerFunction Function for creating new instance of the service.
+           * @description
+           * See {@link auto.$provide#factory $provide.factory()}.
+           */
+          factory: invokeLater('$provide', 'factory'),
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#service
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {string} name service name
+           * @param {Function} constructor A constructor function that will be instantiated.
+           * @description
+           * See {@link auto.$provide#service $provide.service()}.
+           */
+          service: invokeLater('$provide', 'service'),
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#value
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {string} name service name
+           * @param {*} object Service instance object.
+           * @description
+           * See {@link auto.$provide#value $provide.value()}.
+           */
+          value: invokeLater('$provide', 'value'),
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#constant
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {string} name constant name
+           * @param {*} object Constant value.
+           * @description
+           * Because the constant are fixed, they get applied before other provide methods.
+           * See {@link auto.$provide#constant $provide.constant()}.
+           */
+          constant: invokeLater('$provide', 'constant', 'unshift'),
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#animation
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {string} name animation name
+           * @param {Function} animationFactory Factory function for creating new instance of an
+           *                                    animation.
+           * @description
+           *
+           * **NOTE**: animations take effect only if the **ngAnimate** module is loaded.
+           *
+           *
+           * Defines an animation hook that can be later used with
+           * {@link ngAnimate.$animate $animate} service and directives that use this service.
+           *
+           * ```js
+           * module.animation('.animation-name', function($inject1, $inject2) {
+           *   return {
+           *     eventName : function(element, done) {
+           *       //code to run the animation
+           *       //once complete, then run done()
+           *       return function cancellationFunction(element) {
+           *         //code to cancel the animation
+           *       }
+           *     }
+           *   }
+           * })
+           * ```
+           *
+           * See {@link ngAnimate.$animateProvider#register $animateProvider.register()} and
+           * {@link ngAnimate ngAnimate module} for more information.
+           */
+          animation: invokeLater('$animateProvider', 'register'),
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#filter
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {string} name Filter name.
+           * @param {Function} filterFactory Factory function for creating new instance of filter.
+           * @description
+           * See {@link ng.$filterProvider#register $filterProvider.register()}.
+           */
+          filter: invokeLater('$filterProvider', 'register'),
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#controller
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {string|Object} name Controller name, or an object map of controllers where the
+           *    keys are the names and the values are the constructors.
+           * @param {Function} constructor Controller constructor function.
+           * @description
+           * See {@link ng.$controllerProvider#register $controllerProvider.register()}.
+           */
+          controller: invokeLater('$controllerProvider', 'register'),
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#directive
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {string|Object} name Directive name, or an object map of directives where the
+           *    keys are the names and the values are the factories.
+           * @param {Function} directiveFactory Factory function for creating new instance of
+           * directives.
+           * @description
+           * See {@link ng.$compileProvider#directive $compileProvider.directive()}.
+           */
+          directive: invokeLater('$compileProvider', 'directive'),
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#config
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {Function} configFn Execute this function on module load. Useful for service
+           *    configuration.
+           * @description
+           * Use this method to register work which needs to be performed on module loading.
+           * For more about how to configure services, see
+           * {@link providers#providers_provider-recipe Provider Recipe}.
+           */
+          config: config,
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#run
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {Function} initializationFn Execute this function after injector creation.
+           *    Useful for application initialization.
+           * @description
+           * Use this method to register work which should be performed when the injector is done
+           * loading all modules.
+           */
+          run: function(block) {
+            runBlocks.push(block);
+            return this;
+          }
+        };
+
+        if (configFn) {
+          config(configFn);
+        }
+
+        return  moduleInstance;
+
+        /**
+         * @param {string} provider
+         * @param {string} method
+         * @param {String=} insertMethod
+         * @returns {angular.Module}
+         */
+        function invokeLater(provider, method, insertMethod) {
+          return function() {
+            invokeQueue[insertMethod || 'push']([provider, method, arguments]);
+            return moduleInstance;
+          };
+        }
+      });
+    };
+  });
+
+}
+
+/* global
+    angularModule: true,
+    version: true,
+
+    $LocaleProvider,
+    $CompileProvider,
+
+    htmlAnchorDirective,
+    inputDirective,
+    inputDirective,
+    formDirective,
+    scriptDirective,
+    selectDirective,
+    styleDirective,
+    optionDirective,
+    ngBindDirective,
+    ngBindHtmlDirective,
+    ngBindTemplateDirective,
+    ngClassDirective,
+    ngClassEvenDirective,
+    ngClassOddDirective,
+    ngCspDirective,
+    ngCloakDirective,
+    ngControllerDirective,
+    ngFormDirective,
+    ngHideDirective,
+    ngIfDirective,
+    ngIncludeDirective,
+    ngIncludeFillContentDirective,
+    ngInitDirective,
+    ngNonBindableDirective,
+    ngPluralizeDirective,
+    ngRepeatDirective,
+    ngShowDirective,
+    ngStyleDirective,
+    ngSwitchDirective,
+    ngSwitchWhenDirective,
+    ngSwitchDefaultDirective,
+    ngOptionsDirective,
+    ngTranscludeDirective,
+    ngModelDirective,
+    ngListDirective,
+    ngChangeDirective,
+    requiredDirective,
+    requiredDirective,
+    ngValueDirective,
+    ngAttributeAliasDirectives,
+    ngEventDirectives,
+
+    $AnchorScrollProvider,
+    $AnimateProvider,
+    $BrowserProvider,
+    $CacheFactoryProvider,
+    $ControllerProvider,
+    $DocumentProvider,
+    $ExceptionHandlerProvider,
+    $FilterProvider,
+    $InterpolateProvider,
+    $IntervalProvider,
+    $HttpProvider,
+    $HttpBackendProvider,
+    $LocationProvider,
+    $LogProvider,
+    $ParseProvider,
+    $RootScopeProvider,
+    $QProvider,
+    $$SanitizeUriProvider,
+    $SceProvider,
+    $SceDelegateProvider,
+    $SnifferProvider,
+    $TemplateCacheProvider,
+    $TimeoutProvider,
+    $$RAFProvider,
+    $$AsyncCallbackProvider,
+    $WindowProvider
+*/
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc object
+ * @name angular.version
+ * @module ng
+ * @description
+ * An object that contains information about the current AngularJS version. This object has the
+ * following properties:
+ *
+ * - `full` – `{string}` – Full version string, such as "0.9.18".
+ * - `major` – `{number}` – Major version number, such as "0".
+ * - `minor` – `{number}` – Minor version number, such as "9".
+ * - `dot` – `{number}` – Dot version number, such as "18".
+ * - `codeName` – `{string}` – Code name of the release, such as "jiggling-armfat".
+ */
+var version = {
+  full: '1.2.20',    // all of these placeholder strings will be replaced by grunt's
+  major: 1,    // package task
+  minor: 2,
+  dot: 20,
+  codeName: 'accidental-beautification'
+};
+
+
+function publishExternalAPI(angular){
+  extend(angular, {
+    'bootstrap': bootstrap,
+    'copy': copy,
+    'extend': extend,
+    'equals': equals,
+    'element': jqLite,
+    'forEach': forEach,
+    'injector': createInjector,
+    'noop':noop,
+    'bind':bind,
+    'toJson': toJson,
+    'fromJson': fromJson,
+    'identity':identity,
+    'isUndefined': isUndefined,
+    'isDefined': isDefined,
+    'isString': isString,
+    'isFunction': isFunction,
+    'isObject': isObject,
+    'isNumber': isNumber,
+    'isElement': isElement,
+    'isArray': isArray,
+    'version': version,
+    'isDate': isDate,
+    'lowercase': lowercase,
+    'uppercase': uppercase,
+    'callbacks': {counter: 0},
+    '$$minErr': minErr,
+    '$$csp': csp
+  });
+
+  angularModule = setupModuleLoader(window);
+  try {
+    angularModule('ngLocale');
+  } catch (e) {
+    angularModule('ngLocale', []).provider('$locale', $LocaleProvider);
+  }
+
+  angularModule('ng', ['ngLocale'], ['$provide',
+    function ngModule($provide) {
+      // $$sanitizeUriProvider needs to be before $compileProvider as it is used by it.
+      $provide.provider({
+        $$sanitizeUri: $$SanitizeUriProvider
+      });
+      $provide.provider('$compile', $CompileProvider).
+        directive({
+            a: htmlAnchorDirective,
+            input: inputDirective,
+            textarea: inputDirective,
+            form: formDirective,
+            script: scriptDirective,
+            select: selectDirective,
+            style: styleDirective,
+            option: optionDirective,
+            ngBind: ngBindDirective,
+            ngBindHtml: ngBindHtmlDirective,
+            ngBindTemplate: ngBindTemplateDirective,
+            ngClass: ngClassDirective,
+            ngClassEven: ngClassEvenDirective,
+            ngClassOdd: ngClassOddDirective,
+            ngCloak: ngCloakDirective,
+            ngController: ngControllerDirective,
+            ngForm: ngFormDirective,
+            ngHide: ngHideDirective,
+            ngIf: ngIfDirective,
+            ngInclude: ngIncludeDirective,
+            ngInit: ngInitDirective,
+            ngNonBindable: ngNonBindableDirective,
+            ngPluralize: ngPluralizeDirective,
+            ngRepeat: ngRepeatDirective,
+            ngShow: ngShowDirective,
+            ngStyle: ngStyleDirective,
+            ngSwitch: ngSwitchDirective,
+            ngSwitchWhen: ngSwitchWhenDirective,
+            ngSwitchDefault: ngSwitchDefaultDirective,
+            ngOptions: ngOptionsDirective,
+            ngTransclude: ngTranscludeDirective,
+            ngModel: ngModelDirective,
+            ngList: ngListDirective,
+            ngChange: ngChangeDirective,
+            required: requiredDirective,
+            ngRequired: requiredDirective,
+            ngValue: ngValueDirective
+        }).
+        directive({
+          ngInclude: ngIncludeFillContentDirective
+        }).
+        directive(ngAttributeAliasDirectives).
+        directive(ngEventDirectives);
+      $provide.provider({
+        $anchorScroll: $AnchorScrollProvider,
+        $animate: $AnimateProvider,
+        $browser: $BrowserProvider,
+        $cacheFactory: $CacheFactoryProvider,
+        $controller: $ControllerProvider,
+        $document: $DocumentProvider,
+        $exceptionHandler: $ExceptionHandlerProvider,
+        $filter: $FilterProvider,
+        $interpolate: $InterpolateProvider,
+        $interval: $IntervalProvider,
+        $http: $HttpProvider,
+        $httpBackend: $HttpBackendProvider,
+        $location: $LocationProvider,
+        $log: $LogProvider,
+        $parse: $ParseProvider,
+        $rootScope: $RootScopeProvider,
+        $q: $QProvider,
+        $sce: $SceProvider,
+        $sceDelegate: $SceDelegateProvider,
+        $sniffer: $SnifferProvider,
+        $templateCache: $TemplateCacheProvi…
LimeBlast referenced this issue in BuzzStop/backend Oct 19, 2014
diff --git a/public/app/api.php b/public/app/api.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c8420e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/public/app/api.php
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?php
+
+$api = new API();
+
+if(isset($_GET['switches'])){
+    echo json_encode($api->getSwitches());
+}
+
+
+class API{
+    public function getSwitches(){
+        return array(
+            [
+                'id'        => '1',
+                'label'     => 'Exampleee',
+                'status'    => '1',
+            ],
+            [
+                'id'        => '2',
+                'label'     => 'Lamp',
+                'status'    => '-1',
+            ],
+            [
+                'id'        => '3',
+                'label'     => 'Roffffffof',
+                'status'    => '-1',
+            ],
+            [
+                'id'        => '4',
+                'label'     => 'Roof2',
+                'status'    => '-1',
+            ],
+        );
+    }
+
+}
+?>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/public/app/bower_components/angular/.bower.json b/public/app/bower_components/angular/.bower.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea22336
--- /dev/null
+++ b/public/app/bower_components/angular/.bower.json
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+{
+  "name": "angular",
+  "version": "1.3.0",
+  "main": "./angular.js",
+  "dependencies": {},
+  "homepage": "https://github.com/angular/bower-angular",
+  "_release": "1.3.0",
+  "_resolution": {
+    "type": "version",
+    "tag": "v1.3.0",
+    "commit": "992364cfc43aaa7755d5359c783aba0a2d1a5f4a"
+  },
+  "_source": "git://github.com/angular/bower-angular.git",
+  "_target": "~1.x",
+  "_originalSource": "angular"
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/public/app/bower_components/angular/README.md b/public/app/bower_components/angular/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc0c099
--- /dev/null
+++ b/public/app/bower_components/angular/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# bower-angular
+
+This repo is for distribution on `bower`. The source for this module is in the
+[main AngularJS repo](https://github.com/angular/angular.js).
+Please file issues and pull requests against that repo.
+
+## Install
+
+Install with `bower`:
+
+```shell
+bower install angular
+```
+
+Add a `<script>` to your `index.html`:
+
+```html
+<script src="/bower_components/angular/angular.js"></script>
+```
+
+## Documentation
+
+Documentation is available on the
+[AngularJS docs site](http://docs.angularjs.org/).
+
+## License
+
+The MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2010-2012 Google, Inc. http://angularjs.org
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/public/app/bower_components/angular/angular-csp.css b/public/app/bower_components/angular/angular-csp.css
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ce9d86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/public/app/bower_components/angular/angular-csp.css
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+/* Include this file in your html if you are using the CSP mode. */
+
+@charset "UTF-8";
+
+[ng\:cloak], [ng-cloak], [data-ng-cloak], [x-ng-cloak],
+.ng-cloak, .x-ng-cloak,
+.ng-hide:not(.ng-hide-animate) {
+  display: none !important;
+}
+
+ng\:form {
+  display: block;
+}
diff --git a/public/app/bower_components/angular/angular.js b/public/app/bower_components/angular/angular.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b804d64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/public/app/bower_components/angular/angular.js
@@ -0,0 +1,25584 @@
+/**
+ * @license AngularJS v1.3.0
+ * (c) 2010-2014 Google, Inc. http://angularjs.org
+ * License: MIT
+ */
+(function(window, document, undefined) {'use strict';
+
+/**
+ * @description
+ *
+ * This object provides a utility for producing rich Error messages within
+ * Angular. It can be called as follows:
+ *
+ * var exampleMinErr = minErr('example');
+ * throw exampleMinErr('one', 'This {0} is {1}', foo, bar);
+ *
+ * The above creates an instance of minErr in the example namespace. The
+ * resulting error will have a namespaced error code of example.one.  The
+ * resulting error will replace {0} with the value of foo, and {1} with the
+ * value of bar. The object is not restricted in the number of arguments it can
+ * take.
+ *
+ * If fewer arguments are specified than necessary for interpolation, the extra
+ * interpolation markers will be preserved in the final string.
+ *
+ * Since data will be parsed statically during a build step, some restrictions
+ * are applied with respect to how minErr instances are created and called.
+ * Instances should have names of the form namespaceMinErr for a minErr created
+ * using minErr('namespace') . Error codes, namespaces and template strings
+ * should all be static strings, not variables or general expressions.
+ *
+ * @param {string} module The namespace to use for the new minErr instance.
+ * @param {function} ErrorConstructor Custom error constructor to be instantiated when returning
+ *   error from returned function, for cases when a particular type of error is useful.
+ * @returns {function(code:string, template:string, ...templateArgs): Error} minErr instance
+ */
+
+function minErr(module, ErrorConstructor) {
+  ErrorConstructor = ErrorConstructor || Error;
+  return function () {
+    var code = arguments[0],
+      prefix = '[' + (module ? module + ':' : '') + code + '] ',
+      template = arguments[1],
+      templateArgs = arguments,
+      stringify = function (obj) {
+        if (typeof obj === 'function') {
+          return obj.toString().replace(/ \{[\s\S]*$/, '');
+        } else if (typeof obj === 'undefined') {
+          return 'undefined';
+        } else if (typeof obj !== 'string') {
+          return JSON.stringify(obj);
+        }
+        return obj;
+      },
+      message, i;
+
+    message = prefix + template.replace(/\{\d+\}/g, function (match) {
+      var index = +match.slice(1, -1), arg;
+
+      if (index + 2 < templateArgs.length) {
+        arg = templateArgs[index + 2];
+        if (typeof arg === 'function') {
+          return arg.toString().replace(/ ?\{[\s\S]*$/, '');
+        } else if (typeof arg === 'undefined') {
+          return 'undefined';
+        } else if (typeof arg !== 'string') {
+          return toJson(arg);
+        }
+        return arg;
+      }
+      return match;
+    });
+
+    message = message + '\nhttp://errors.angularjs.org/1.3.0/' +
+      (module ? module + '/' : '') + code;
+    for (i = 2; i < arguments.length; i++) {
+      message = message + (i == 2 ? '?' : '&') + 'p' + (i-2) + '=' +
+        encodeURIComponent(stringify(arguments[i]));
+    }
+    return new ErrorConstructor(message);
+  };
+}
+
+/* We need to tell jshint what variables are being exported */
+/* global angular: true,
+  msie: true,
+  jqLite: true,
+  jQuery: true,
+  slice: true,
+  splice: true,
+  push: true,
+  toString: true,
+  ngMinErr: true,
+  angularModule: true,
+  uid: true,
+  REGEX_STRING_REGEXP: true,
+  VALIDITY_STATE_PROPERTY: true,
+
+  lowercase: true,
+  uppercase: true,
+  manualLowercase: true,
+  manualUppercase: true,
+  nodeName_: true,
+  isArrayLike: true,
+  forEach: true,
+  sortedKeys: true,
+  forEachSorted: true,
+  reverseParams: true,
+  nextUid: true,
+  setHashKey: true,
+  extend: true,
+  int: true,
+  inherit: true,
+  noop: true,
+  identity: true,
+  valueFn: true,
+  isUndefined: true,
+  isDefined: true,
+  isObject: true,
+  isString: true,
+  isNumber: true,
+  isDate: true,
+  isArray: true,
+  isFunction: true,
+  isRegExp: true,
+  isWindow: true,
+  isScope: true,
+  isFile: true,
+  isBlob: true,
+  isBoolean: true,
+  isPromiseLike: true,
+  trim: true,
+  isElement: true,
+  makeMap: true,
+  size: true,
+  includes: true,
+  arrayRemove: true,
+  isLeafNode: true,
+  copy: true,
+  shallowCopy: true,
+  equals: true,
+  csp: true,
+  concat: true,
+  sliceArgs: true,
+  bind: true,
+  toJsonReplacer: true,
+  toJson: true,
+  fromJson: true,
+  startingTag: true,
+  tryDecodeURIComponent: true,
+  parseKeyValue: true,
+  toKeyValue: true,
+  encodeUriSegment: true,
+  encodeUriQuery: true,
+  angularInit: true,
+  bootstrap: true,
+  getTestability: true,
+  snake_case: true,
+  bindJQuery: true,
+  assertArg: true,
+  assertArgFn: true,
+  assertNotHasOwnProperty: true,
+  getter: true,
+  getBlockNodes: true,
+  hasOwnProperty: true,
+  createMap: true,
+
+  NODE_TYPE_ELEMENT: true,
+  NODE_TYPE_TEXT: true,
+  NODE_TYPE_COMMENT: true,
+  NODE_TYPE_DOCUMENT: true,
+  NODE_TYPE_DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT: true,
+*/
+
+////////////////////////////////////
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc module
+ * @name ng
+ * @module ng
+ * @description
+ *
+ * # ng (core module)
+ * The ng module is loaded by default when an AngularJS application is started. The module itself
+ * contains the essential components for an AngularJS application to function. The table below
+ * lists a high level breakdown of each of the services/factories, filters, directives and testing
+ * components available within this core module.
+ *
+ * <div doc-module-components="ng"></div>
+ */
+
+var REGEX_STRING_REGEXP = /^\/(.+)\/([a-z]*)$/;
+
+// The name of a form control's ValidityState property.
+// This is used so that it's possible for internal tests to create mock ValidityStates.
+var VALIDITY_STATE_PROPERTY = 'validity';
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.lowercase
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description Converts the specified string to lowercase.
+ * @param {string} string String to be converted to lowercase.
+ * @returns {string} Lowercased string.
+ */
+var lowercase = function(string){return isString(string) ? string.toLowerCase() : string;};
+var hasOwnProperty = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.uppercase
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description Converts the specified string to uppercase.
+ * @param {string} string String to be converted to uppercase.
+ * @returns {string} Uppercased string.
+ */
+var uppercase = function(string){return isString(string) ? string.toUpperCase() : string;};
+
+
+var manualLowercase = function(s) {
+  /* jshint bitwise: false */
+  return isString(s)
+      ? s.replace(/[A-Z]/g, function(ch) {return String.fromCharCode(ch.charCodeAt(0) | 32);})
+      : s;
+};
+var manualUppercase = function(s) {
+  /* jshint bitwise: false */
+  return isString(s)
+      ? s.replace(/[a-z]/g, function(ch) {return String.fromCharCode(ch.charCodeAt(0) & ~32);})
+      : s;
+};
+
+
+// String#toLowerCase and String#toUpperCase don't produce correct results in browsers with Turkish
+// locale, for this reason we need to detect this case and redefine lowercase/uppercase methods
+// with correct but slower alternatives.
+if ('i' !== 'I'.toLowerCase()) {
+  lowercase = manualLowercase;
+  uppercase = manualUppercase;
+}
+
+
+var /** holds major version number for IE or NaN for real browsers */
+    msie,
+    jqLite,           // delay binding since jQuery could be loaded after us.
+    jQuery,           // delay binding
+    slice             = [].slice,
+    splice            = [].splice,
+    push              = [].push,
+    toString          = Object.prototype.toString,
+    ngMinErr          = minErr('ng'),
+
+    /** @name angular */
+    angular           = window.angular || (window.angular = {}),
+    angularModule,
+    uid               = 0;
+
+/**
+ * documentMode is an IE-only property
+ * http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/cc196988(v=vs.85).aspx
+ */
+msie = document.documentMode;
+
+
+/**
+ * @private
+ * @param {*} obj
+ * @return {boolean} Returns true if `obj` is an array or array-like object (NodeList, Arguments,
+ *                   String ...)
+ */
+function isArrayLike(obj) {
+  if (obj == null || isWindow(obj)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  var length = obj.length;
+
+  if (obj.nodeType === NODE_TYPE_ELEMENT && length) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return isString(obj) || isArray(obj) || length === 0 ||
+         typeof length === 'number' && length > 0 && (length - 1) in obj;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.forEach
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Invokes the `iterator` function once for each item in `obj` collection, which can be either an
+ * object or an array. The `iterator` function is invoked with `iterator(value, key, obj)`, where `value`
+ * is the value of an object property or an array element, `key` is the object property key or
+ * array element index and obj is the `obj` itself. Specifying a `context` for the function is optional.
+ *
+ * It is worth noting that `.forEach` does not iterate over inherited properties because it filters
+ * using the `hasOwnProperty` method.
+ *
+   ```js
+     var values = {name: 'misko', gender: 'male'};
+     var log = [];
+     angular.forEach(values, function(value, key) {
+       this.push(key + ': ' + value);
+     }, log);
+     expect(log).toEqual(['name: misko', 'gender: male']);
+   ```
+ *
+ * @param {Object|Array} obj Object to iterate over.
+ * @param {Function} iterator Iterator function.
+ * @param {Object=} context Object to become context (`this`) for the iterator function.
+ * @returns {Object|Array} Reference to `obj`.
+ */
+
+function forEach(obj, iterator, context) {
+  var key, length;
+  if (obj) {
+    if (isFunction(obj)) {
+      for (key in obj) {
+        // Need to check if hasOwnProperty exists,
+        // as on IE8 the result of querySelectorAll is an object without a hasOwnProperty function
+        if (key != 'prototype' && key != 'length' && key != 'name' && (!obj.hasOwnProperty || obj.hasOwnProperty(key))) {
+          iterator.call(context, obj[key], key, obj);
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (isArray(obj) || isArrayLike(obj)) {
+      var isPrimitive = typeof obj !== 'object';
+      for (key = 0, length = obj.length; key < length; key++) {
+        if (isPrimitive || key in obj) {
+          iterator.call(context, obj[key], key, obj);
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (obj.forEach && obj.forEach !== forEach) {
+        obj.forEach(iterator, context, obj);
+    } else {
+      for (key in obj) {
+        if (obj.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+          iterator.call(context, obj[key], key, obj);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return obj;
+}
+
+function sortedKeys(obj) {
+  var keys = [];
+  for (var key in obj) {
+    if (obj.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+      keys.push(key);
+    }
+  }
+  return keys.sort();
+}
+
+function forEachSorted(obj, iterator, context) {
+  var keys = sortedKeys(obj);
+  for ( var i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
+    iterator.call(context, obj[keys[i]], keys[i]);
+  }
+  return keys;
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * when using forEach the params are value, key, but it is often useful to have key, value.
+ * @param {function(string, *)} iteratorFn
+ * @returns {function(*, string)}
+ */
+function reverseParams(iteratorFn) {
+  return function(value, key) { iteratorFn(key, value); };
+}
+
+/**
+ * A consistent way of creating unique IDs in angular.
+ *
+ * Using simple numbers allows us to generate 28.6 million unique ids per second for 10 years before
+ * we hit number precision issues in JavaScript.
+ *
+ * Math.pow(2,53) / 60 / 60 / 24 / 365 / 10 = 28.6M
+ *
+ * @returns {number} an unique alpha-numeric string
+ */
+function nextUid() {
+  return ++uid;
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * Set or clear the hashkey for an object.
+ * @param obj object
+ * @param h the hashkey (!truthy to delete the hashkey)
+ */
+function setHashKey(obj, h) {
+  if (h) {
+    obj.$$hashKey = h;
+  }
+  else {
+    delete obj.$$hashKey;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.extend
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Extends the destination object `dst` by copying own enumerable properties from the `src` object(s)
+ * to `dst`. You can specify multiple `src` objects. If you want to preserve original objects, you can do so
+ * by passing an empty object as the target: `var object = angular.extend({}, object1, object2)`.
+ *
+ * @param {Object} dst Destination object.
+ * @param {...Object} src Source object(s).
+ * @returns {Object} Reference to `dst`.
+ */
+function extend(dst) {
+  var h = dst.$$hashKey;
+
+  for (var i = 1, ii = arguments.length; i < ii; i++) {
+    var obj = arguments[i];
+    if (obj) {
+      var keys = Object.keys(obj);
+      for (var j = 0, jj = keys.length; j < jj; j++) {
+        var key = keys[j];
+        dst[key] = obj[key];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  setHashKey(dst, h);
+  return dst;
+}
+
+function int(str) {
+  return parseInt(str, 10);
+}
+
+
+function inherit(parent, extra) {
+  return extend(new (extend(function() {}, {prototype:parent}))(), extra);
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.noop
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * A function that performs no operations. This function can be useful when writing code in the
+ * functional style.
+   ```js
+     function foo(callback) {
+       var result = calculateResult();
+       (callback || angular.noop)(result);
+     }
+   ```
+ */
+function noop() {}
+noop.$inject = [];
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.identity
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * A function that returns its first argument. This function is useful when writing code in the
+ * functional style.
+ *
+   ```js
+     function transformer(transformationFn, value) {
+       return (transformationFn || angular.identity)(value);
+     };
+   ```
+ */
+function identity($) {return $;}
+identity.$inject = [];
+
+
+function valueFn(value) {return function() {return value;};}
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.isUndefined
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Determines if a reference is undefined.
+ *
+ * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is undefined.
+ */
+function isUndefined(value){return typeof value === 'undefined';}
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.isDefined
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Determines if a reference is defined.
+ *
+ * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is defined.
+ */
+function isDefined(value){return typeof value !== 'undefined';}
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.isObject
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Determines if a reference is an `Object`. Unlike `typeof` in JavaScript, `null`s are not
+ * considered to be objects. Note that JavaScript arrays are objects.
+ *
+ * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is an `Object` but not `null`.
+ */
+function isObject(value){
+  // http://jsperf.com/isobject4
+  return value !== null && typeof value === 'object';
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.isString
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Determines if a reference is a `String`.
+ *
+ * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is a `String`.
+ */
+function isString(value){return typeof value === 'string';}
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.isNumber
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Determines if a reference is a `Number`.
+ *
+ * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is a `Number`.
+ */
+function isNumber(value){return typeof value === 'number';}
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.isDate
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Determines if a value is a date.
+ *
+ * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is a `Date`.
+ */
+function isDate(value) {
+  return toString.call(value) === '[object Date]';
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.isArray
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Determines if a reference is an `Array`.
+ *
+ * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is an `Array`.
+ */
+var isArray = Array.isArray;
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.isFunction
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Determines if a reference is a `Function`.
+ *
+ * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is a `Function`.
+ */
+function isFunction(value){return typeof value === 'function';}
+
+
+/**
+ * Determines if a value is a regular expression object.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is a `RegExp`.
+ */
+function isRegExp(value) {
+  return toString.call(value) === '[object RegExp]';
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * Checks if `obj` is a window object.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param {*} obj Object to check
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `obj` is a window obj.
+ */
+function isWindow(obj) {
+  return obj && obj.window === obj;
+}
+
+
+function isScope(obj) {
+  return obj && obj.$evalAsync && obj.$watch;
+}
+
+
+function isFile(obj) {
+  return toString.call(obj) === '[object File]';
+}
+
+
+function isBlob(obj) {
+  return toString.call(obj) === '[object Blob]';
+}
+
+
+function isBoolean(value) {
+  return typeof value === 'boolean';
+}
+
+
+function isPromiseLike(obj) {
+  return obj && isFunction(obj.then);
+}
+
+
+var trim = function(value) {
+  return isString(value) ? value.trim() : value;
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.isElement
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Determines if a reference is a DOM element (or wrapped jQuery element).
+ *
+ * @param {*} value Reference to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` is a DOM element (or wrapped jQuery element).
+ */
+function isElement(node) {
+  return !!(node &&
+    (node.nodeName  // we are a direct element
+    || (node.prop && node.attr && node.find)));  // we have an on and find method part of jQuery API
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param str 'key1,key2,...'
+ * @returns {object} in the form of {key1:true, key2:true, ...}
+ */
+function makeMap(str) {
+  var obj = {}, items = str.split(","), i;
+  for ( i = 0; i < items.length; i++ )
+    obj[ items[i] ] = true;
+  return obj;
+}
+
+
+function nodeName_(element) {
+  return lowercase(element.nodeName || element[0].nodeName);
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * @description
+ * Determines the number of elements in an array, the number of properties an object has, or
+ * the length of a string.
+ *
+ * Note: This function is used to augment the Object type in Angular expressions. See
+ * {@link angular.Object} for more information about Angular arrays.
+ *
+ * @param {Object|Array|string} obj Object, array, or string to inspect.
+ * @param {boolean} [ownPropsOnly=false] Count only "own" properties in an object
+ * @returns {number} The size of `obj` or `0` if `obj` is neither an object nor an array.
+ */
+function size(obj, ownPropsOnly) {
+  var count = 0, key;
+
+  if (isArray(obj) || isString(obj)) {
+    return obj.length;
+  } else if (isObject(obj)) {
+    for (key in obj)
+      if (!ownPropsOnly || obj.hasOwnProperty(key))
+        count++;
+  }
+
+  return count;
+}
+
+
+function includes(array, obj) {
+  return Array.prototype.indexOf.call(array, obj) != -1;
+}
+
+function arrayRemove(array, value) {
+  var index = array.indexOf(value);
+  if (index >=0)
+    array.splice(index, 1);
+  return value;
+}
+
+function isLeafNode (node) {
+  if (node) {
+    switch (nodeName_(node)) {
+    case "option":
+    case "pre":
+    case "title":
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.copy
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Creates a deep copy of `source`, which should be an object or an array.
+ *
+ * * If no destination is supplied, a copy of the object or array is created.
+ * * If a destination is provided, all of its elements (for array) or properties (for objects)
+ *   are deleted and then all elements/properties from the source are copied to it.
+ * * If `source` is not an object or array (inc. `null` and `undefined`), `source` is returned.
+ * * If `source` is identical to 'destination' an exception will be thrown.
+ *
+ * @param {*} source The source that will be used to make a copy.
+ *                   Can be any type, including primitives, `null`, and `undefined`.
+ * @param {(Object|Array)=} destination Destination into which the source is copied. If
+ *     provided, must be of the same type as `source`.
+ * @returns {*} The copy or updated `destination`, if `destination` was specified.
+ *
+ * @example
+ <example module="copyExample">
+ <file name="index.html">
+ <div ng-controller="ExampleController">
+ <form novalidate class="simple-form">
+ Name: <input type="text" ng-model="user.name" /><br />
+ E-mail: <input type="email" ng-model="user.email" /><br />
+ Gender: <input type="radio" ng-model="user.gender" value="male" />male
+ <input type="radio" ng-model="user.gender" value="female" />female<br />
+ <button ng-click="reset()">RESET</button>
+ <button ng-click="update(user)">SAVE</button>
+ </form>
+ <pre>form = {{user | json}}</pre>
+ <pre>master = {{master | json}}</pre>
+ </div>
+
+ <script>
+  angular.module('copyExample', [])
+    .controller('ExampleController', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+      $scope.master= {};
+
+      $scope.update = function(user) {
+        // Example with 1 argument
+        $scope.master= angular.copy(user);
+      };
+
+      $scope.reset = function() {
+        // Example with 2 arguments
+        angular.copy($scope.master, $scope.user);
+      };
+
+      $scope.reset();
+    }]);
+ </script>
+ </file>
+ </example>
+ */
+function copy(source, destination, stackSource, stackDest) {
+  if (isWindow(source) || isScope(source)) {
+    throw ngMinErr('cpws',
+      "Can't copy! Making copies of Window or Scope instances is not supported.");
+  }
+
+  if (!destination) {
+    destination = source;
+    if (source) {
+      if (isArray(source)) {
+        destination = copy(source, [], stackSource, stackDest);
+      } else if (isDate(source)) {
+        destination = new Date(source.getTime());
+      } else if (isRegExp(source)) {
+        destination = new RegExp(source.source, source.toString().match(/[^\/]*$/)[0]);
+        destination.lastIndex = source.lastIndex;
+      } else if (isObject(source)) {
+        var emptyObject = Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(source));
+        destination = copy(source, emptyObject, stackSource, stackDest);
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (source === destination) throw ngMinErr('cpi',
+      "Can't copy! Source and destination are identical.");
+
+    stackSource = stackSource || [];
+    stackDest = stackDest || [];
+
+    if (isObject(source)) {
+      var index = stackSource.indexOf(source);
+      if (index !== -1) return stackDest[index];
+
+      stackSource.push(source);
+      stackDest.push(destination);
+    }
+
+    var result;
+    if (isArray(source)) {
+      destination.length = 0;
+      for ( var i = 0; i < source.length; i++) {
+        result = copy(source[i], null, stackSource, stackDest);
+        if (isObject(source[i])) {
+          stackSource.push(source[i]);
+          stackDest.push(result);
+        }
+        destination.push(result);
+      }
+    } else {
+      var h = destination.$$hashKey;
+      if (isArray(destination)) {
+        destination.length = 0;
+      } else {
+        forEach(destination, function(value, key) {
+          delete destination[key];
+        });
+      }
+      for ( var key in source) {
+        if(source.hasOwnProperty(key)) {
+          result = copy(source[key], null, stackSource, stackDest);
+          if (isObject(source[key])) {
+            stackSource.push(source[key]);
+            stackDest.push(result);
+          }
+          destination[key] = result;
+        }
+      }
+      setHashKey(destination,h);
+    }
+
+  }
+  return destination;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a shallow copy of an object, an array or a primitive.
+ *
+ * Assumes that there are no proto properties for objects.
+ */
+function shallowCopy(src, dst) {
+  if (isArray(src)) {
+    dst = dst || [];
+
+    for (var i = 0, ii = src.length; i < ii; i++) {
+      dst[i] = src[i];
+    }
+  } else if (isObject(src)) {
+    dst = dst || {};
+
+    for (var key in src) {
+      if (!(key.charAt(0) === '$' && key.charAt(1) === '$')) {
+        dst[key] = src[key];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return dst || src;
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.equals
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Determines if two objects or two values are equivalent. Supports value types, regular
+ * expressions, arrays and objects.
+ *
+ * Two objects or values are considered equivalent if at least one of the following is true:
+ *
+ * * Both objects or values pass `===` comparison.
+ * * Both objects or values are of the same type and all of their properties are equal by
+ *   comparing them with `angular.equals`.
+ * * Both values are NaN. (In JavaScript, NaN == NaN => false. But we consider two NaN as equal)
+ * * Both values represent the same regular expression (In JavaScript,
+ *   /abc/ == /abc/ => false. But we consider two regular expressions as equal when their textual
+ *   representation matches).
+ *
+ * During a property comparison, properties of `function` type and properties with names
+ * that begin with `$` are ignored.
+ *
+ * Scope and DOMWindow objects are being compared only by identify (`===`).
+ *
+ * @param {*} o1 Object or value to compare.
+ * @param {*} o2 Object or value to compare.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if arguments are equal.
+ */
+function equals(o1, o2) {
+  if (o1 === o2) return true;
+  if (o1 === null || o2 === null) return false;
+  if (o1 !== o1 && o2 !== o2) return true; // NaN === NaN
+  var t1 = typeof o1, t2 = typeof o2, length, key, keySet;
+  if (t1 == t2) {
+    if (t1 == 'object') {
+      if (isArray(o1)) {
+        if (!isArray(o2)) return false;
+        if ((length = o1.length) == o2.length) {
+          for(key=0; key<length; key++) {
+            if (!equals(o1[key], o2[key])) return false;
+          }
+          return true;
+        }
+      } else if (isDate(o1)) {
+        if (!isDate(o2)) return false;
+        return equals(o1.getTime(), o2.getTime());
+      } else if (isRegExp(o1) && isRegExp(o2)) {
+        return o1.toString() == o2.toString();
+      } else {
+        if (isScope(o1) || isScope(o2) || isWindow(o1) || isWindow(o2) || isArray(o2)) return false;
+        keySet = {};
+        for(key in o1) {
+          if (key.charAt(0) === '$' || isFunction(o1[key])) continue;
+          if (!equals(o1[key], o2[key])) return false;
+          keySet[key] = true;
+        }
+        for(key in o2) {
+          if (!keySet.hasOwnProperty(key) &&
+              key.charAt(0) !== '$' &&
+              o2[key] !== undefined &&
+              !isFunction(o2[key])) return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+var csp = function() {
+  if (isDefined(csp.isActive_)) return csp.isActive_;
+
+  var active = !!(document.querySelector('[ng-csp]') ||
+                  document.querySelector('[data-ng-csp]'));
+
+  if (!active) {
+    try {
+      /* jshint -W031, -W054 */
+      new Function('');
+      /* jshint +W031, +W054 */
+    } catch (e) {
+      active = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (csp.isActive_ = active);
+};
+
+
+
+function concat(array1, array2, index) {
+  return array1.concat(slice.call(array2, index));
+}
+
+function sliceArgs(args, startIndex) {
+  return slice.call(args, startIndex || 0);
+}
+
+
+/* jshint -W101 */
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.bind
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Returns a function which calls function `fn` bound to `self` (`self` becomes the `this` for
+ * `fn`). You can supply optional `args` that are prebound to the function. This feature is also
+ * known as [partial application](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_application), as
+ * distinguished from [function currying](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currying#Contrast_with_partial_function_application).
+ *
+ * @param {Object} self Context which `fn` should be evaluated in.
+ * @param {function()} fn Function to be bound.
+ * @param {...*} args Optional arguments to be prebound to the `fn` function call.
+ * @returns {function()} Function that wraps the `fn` with all the specified bindings.
+ */
+/* jshint +W101 */
+function bind(self, fn) {
+  var curryArgs = arguments.length > 2 ? sliceArgs(arguments, 2) : [];
+  if (isFunction(fn) && !(fn instanceof RegExp)) {
+    return curryArgs.length
+      ? function() {
+          return arguments.length
+            ? fn.apply(self, curryArgs.concat(slice.call(arguments, 0)))
+            : fn.apply(self, curryArgs);
+        }
+      : function() {
+          return arguments.length
+            ? fn.apply(self, arguments)
+            : fn.call(self);
+        };
+  } else {
+    // in IE, native methods are not functions so they cannot be bound (note: they don't need to be)
+    return fn;
+  }
+}
+
+
+function toJsonReplacer(key, value) {
+  var val = value;
+
+  if (typeof key === 'string' && key.charAt(0) === '$' && key.charAt(1) === '$') {
+    val = undefined;
+  } else if (isWindow(value)) {
+    val = '$WINDOW';
+  } else if (value &&  document === value) {
+    val = '$DOCUMENT';
+  } else if (isScope(value)) {
+    val = '$SCOPE';
+  }
+
+  return val;
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.toJson
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Serializes input into a JSON-formatted string. Properties with leading $$ characters will be
+ * stripped since angular uses this notation internally.
+ *
+ * @param {Object|Array|Date|string|number} obj Input to be serialized into JSON.
+ * @param {boolean=} pretty If set to true, the JSON output will contain newlines and whitespace.
+ * @returns {string|undefined} JSON-ified string representing `obj`.
+ */
+function toJson(obj, pretty) {
+  if (typeof obj === 'undefined') return undefined;
+  return JSON.stringify(obj, toJsonReplacer, pretty ? '  ' : null);
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.fromJson
+ * @module ng
+ * @kind function
+ *
+ * @description
+ * Deserializes a JSON string.
+ *
+ * @param {string} json JSON string to deserialize.
+ * @returns {Object|Array|string|number} Deserialized thingy.
+ */
+function fromJson(json) {
+  return isString(json)
+      ? JSON.parse(json)
+      : json;
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * @returns {string} Returns the string representation of the element.
+ */
+function startingTag(element) {
+  element = jqLite(element).clone();
+  try {
+    // turns out IE does not let you set .html() on elements which
+    // are not allowed to have children. So we just ignore it.
+    element.empty();
+  } catch(e) {}
+  var elemHtml = jqLite('<div>').append(element).html();
+  try {
+    return element[0].nodeType === NODE_TYPE_TEXT ? lowercase(elemHtml) :
+        elemHtml.
+          match(/^(<[^>]+>)/)[1].
+          replace(/^<([\w\-]+)/, function(match, nodeName) { return '<' + lowercase(nodeName); });
+  } catch(e) {
+    return lowercase(elemHtml);
+  }
+
+}
+
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+/**
+ * Tries to decode the URI component without throwing an exception.
+ *
+ * @private
+ * @param str value potential URI component to check.
+ * @returns {boolean} True if `value` can be decoded
+ * with the decodeURIComponent function.
+ */
+function tryDecodeURIComponent(value) {
+  try {
+    return decodeURIComponent(value);
+  } catch(e) {
+    // Ignore any invalid uri component
+  }
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * Parses an escaped url query string into key-value pairs.
+ * @returns {Object.<string,boolean|Array>}
+ */
+function parseKeyValue(/**string*/keyValue) {
+  var obj = {}, key_value, key;
+  forEach((keyValue || "").split('&'), function(keyValue) {
+    if ( keyValue ) {
+      key_value = keyValue.replace(/\+/g,'%20').split('=');
+      key = tryDecodeURIComponent(key_value[0]);
+      if ( isDefined(key) ) {
+        var val = isDefined(key_value[1]) ? tryDecodeURIComponent(key_value[1]) : true;
+        if (!hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) {
+          obj[key] = val;
+        } else if(isArray(obj[key])) {
+          obj[key].push(val);
+        } else {
+          obj[key] = [obj[key],val];
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  });
+  return obj;
+}
+
+function toKeyValue(obj) {
+  var parts = [];
+  forEach(obj, function(value, key) {
+    if (isArray(value)) {
+      forEach(value, function(arrayValue) {
+        parts.push(encodeUriQuery(key, true) +
+                   (arrayValue === true ? '' : '=' + encodeUriQuery(arrayValue, true)));
+      });
+    } else {
+    parts.push(encodeUriQuery(key, true) +
+               (value === true ? '' : '=' + encodeUriQuery(value, true)));
+    }
+  });
+  return parts.length ? parts.join('&') : '';
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * We need our custom method because encodeURIComponent is too aggressive and doesn't follow
+ * http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt with regards to the character set (pchar) allowed in path
+ * segments:
+ *    segment       = *pchar
+ *    pchar         = unreserved / pct-encoded / sub-delims / ":" / "@"
+ *    pct-encoded   = "%" HEXDIG HEXDIG
+ *    unreserved    = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "." / "_" / "~"
+ *    sub-delims    = "!" / "$" / "&" / "'" / "(" / ")"
+ *                     / "*" / "+" / "," / ";" / "="
+ */
+function encodeUriSegment(val) {
+  return encodeUriQuery(val, true).
+             replace(/%26/gi, '&').
+             replace(/%3D/gi, '=').
+             replace(/%2B/gi, '+');
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * This method is intended for encoding *key* or *value* parts of query component. We need a custom
+ * method because encodeURIComponent is too aggressive and encodes stuff that doesn't have to be
+ * encoded per http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986:
+ *    query       = *( pchar / "/" / "?" )
+ *    pchar         = unreserved / pct-encoded / sub-delims / ":" / "@"
+ *    unreserved    = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "." / "_" / "~"
+ *    pct-encoded   = "%" HEXDIG HEXDIG
+ *    sub-delims    = "!" / "$" / "&" / "'" / "(" / ")"
+ *                     / "*" / "+" / "," / ";" / "="
+ */
+function encodeUriQuery(val, pctEncodeSpaces) {
+  return encodeURIComponent(val).
+             replace(/%40/gi, '@').
+             replace(/%3A/gi, ':').
+             replace(/%24/g, '$').
+             replace(/%2C/gi, ',').
+             replace(/%3B/gi, ';').
+             replace(/%20/g, (pctEncodeSpaces ? '%20' : '+'));
+}
+
+var ngAttrPrefixes = ['ng-', 'data-ng-', 'ng:', 'x-ng-'];
+
+function getNgAttribute(element, ngAttr) {
+  var attr, i, ii = ngAttrPrefixes.length;
+  element = jqLite(element);
+  for (i=0; i<ii; ++i) {
+    attr = ngAttrPrefixes[i] + ngAttr;
+    if (isString(attr = element.attr(attr))) {
+      return attr;
+    }
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc directive
+ * @name ngApp
+ * @module ng
+ *
+ * @element ANY
+ * @param {angular.Module} ngApp an optional application
+ *   {@link angular.module module} name to load.
+ * @param {boolean=} ngStrictDi if this attribute is present on the app element, the injector will be
+ *   created in "strict-di" mode. This means that the application will fail to invoke functions which
+ *   do not use explicit function annotation (and are thus unsuitable for minification), as described
+ *   in {@link guide/di the Dependency Injection guide}, and useful debugging info will assist in
+ *   tracking down the root of these bugs.
+ *
+ * @description
+ *
+ * Use this directive to **auto-bootstrap** an AngularJS application. The `ngApp` directive
+ * designates the **root element** of the application and is typically placed near the root element
+ * of the page - e.g. on the `<body>` or `<html>` tags.
+ *
+ * Only one AngularJS application can be auto-bootstrapped per HTML document. The first `ngApp`
+ * found in the document will be used to define the root element to auto-bootstrap as an
+ * application. To run multiple applications in an HTML document you must manually bootstrap them using
+ * {@link angular.bootstrap} instead. AngularJS applications cannot be nested within each other.
+ *
+ * You can specify an **AngularJS module** to be used as the root module for the application.  This
+ * module will be loaded into the {@link auto.$injector} when the application is bootstrapped and
+ * should contain the application code needed or have dependencies on other modules that will
+ * contain the code. See {@link angular.module} for more information.
+ *
+ * In the example below if the `ngApp` directive were not placed on the `html` element then the
+ * document would not be compiled, the `AppController` would not be instantiated and the `{{ a+b }}`
+ * would not be resolved to `3`.
+ *
+ * `ngApp` is the easiest, and most common, way to bootstrap an application.
+ *
+ <example module="ngAppDemo">
+   <file name="index.html">
+   <div ng-controller="ngAppDemoController">
+     I can add: {{a}} + {{b}} =  {{ a+b }}
+   </div>
+   </file>
+   <file name="script.js">
+   angular.module('ngAppDemo', []).controller('ngAppDemoController', function($scope) {
+     $scope.a = 1;
+     $scope.b = 2;
+   });
+   </file>
+ </example>
+ *
+ * Using `ngStrictDi`, you would see something like this:
+ *
+ <example ng-app-included="true">
+   <file name="index.html">
+   <div ng-app="ngAppStrictDemo" ng-strict-di>
+       <div ng-controller="GoodController1">
+           I can add: {{a}} + {{b}} =  {{ a+b }}
+
+           <p>This renders because the controller does not fail to
+              instantiate, by using explicit annotation style (see
+              script.js for details)
+           </p>
+       </div>
+
+       <div ng-controller="GoodController2">
+           Name: <input ng-model="name"><br />
+           Hello, {{name}}!
+
+           <p>This renders because the controller does not fail to
+              instantiate, by using explicit annotation style
+              (see script.js for details)
+           </p>
+       </div>
+
+       <div ng-controller="BadController">
+           I can add: {{a}} + {{b}} =  {{ a+b }}
+
+           <p>The controller could not be instantiated, due to relying
+              on automatic function annotations (which are disabled in
+              strict mode). As such, the content of this section is not
+              interpolated, and there should be an error in your web console.
+           </p>
+       </div>
+   </div>
+   </file>
+   <file name="script.js">
+   angular.module('ngAppStrictDemo', [])
+     // BadController will fail to instantiate, due to relying on automatic function annotation,
+     // rather than an explicit annotation
+     .controller('BadController', function($scope) {
+       $scope.a = 1;
+       $scope.b = 2;
+     })
+     // Unlike BadController, GoodController1 and GoodController2 will not fail to be instantiated,
+     // due to using explicit annotations using the array style and $inject property, respectively.
+     .controller('GoodController1', ['$scope', function($scope) {
+       $scope.a = 1;
+       $scope.b = 2;
+     }])
+     .controller('GoodController2', GoodController2);
+     function GoodController2($scope) {
+       $scope.name = "World";
+     }
+     GoodController2.$inject = ['$scope'];
+   </file>
+   <file name="style.css">
+   div[ng-controller] {
+       margin-bottom: 1em;
+       -webkit-border-radius: 4px;
+       border-radius: 4px;
+       border: 1px solid;
+       padding: .5em;
+   }
+   div[ng-controller^=Good] {
+       border-color: #d6e9c6;
+       background-color: #dff0d8;
+       color: #3c763d;
+   }
+   div[ng-controller^=Bad] {
+       border-color: #ebccd1;
+       background-color: #f2dede;
+       color: #a94442;
+       margin-bottom: 0;
+   }
+   </file>
+ </example>
+ */
+function angularInit(element, bootstrap) {
+  var appElement,
+      module,
+      config = {};
+
+  // The element `element` has priority over any other element
+  forEach(ngAttrPrefixes, function(prefix) {
+    var name = prefix + 'app';
+
+    if (!appElement && element.hasAttribute && element.hasAttribute(name)) {
+      appElement = element;
+      module = element.getAttribute(name);
+    }
+  });
+  forEach(ngAttrPrefixes, function(prefix) {
+    var name = prefix + 'app';
+    var candidate;
+
+    if (!appElement && (candidate = element.querySelector('[' + name.replace(':', '\\:') + ']'))) {
+      appElement = candidate;
+      module = candidate.getAttribute(name);
+    }
+  });
+  if (appElement) {
+    config.strictDi = getNgAttribute(appElement, "strict-di") !== null;
+    bootstrap(appElement, module ? [module] : [], config);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.bootstrap
+ * @module ng
+ * @description
+ * Use this function to manually start up angular application.
+ *
+ * See: {@link guide/bootstrap Bootstrap}
+ *
+ * Note that Protractor based end-to-end tests cannot use this function to bootstrap manually.
+ * They must use {@link ng.directive:ngApp ngApp}.
+ *
+ * Angular will detect if it has been loaded into the browser more than once and only allow the
+ * first loaded script to be bootstrapped and will report a warning to the browser console for
+ * each of the subsequent scripts. This prevents strange results in applications, where otherwise
+ * multiple instances of Angular try to work on the DOM.
+ *
+ * ```html
+ * <!doctype html>
+ * <html>
+ * <body>
+ * <div ng-controller="WelcomeController">
+ *   {{greeting}}
+ * </div>
+ *
+ * <script src="angular.js"></script>
+ * <script>
+ *   var app = angular.module('demo', [])
+ *   .controller('WelcomeController', function($scope) {
+ *       $scope.greeting = 'Welcome!';
+ *   });
+ *   angular.bootstrap(document, ['demo']);
+ * </script>
+ * </body>
+ * </html>
+ * ```
+ *
+ * @param {DOMElement} element DOM element which is the root of angular application.
+ * @param {Array<String|Function|Array>=} modules an array of modules to load into the application.
+ *     Each item in the array should be the name of a predefined module or a (DI annotated)
+ *     function that will be invoked by the injector as a run block.
+ *     See: {@link angular.module modules}
+ * @param {Object=} config an object for defining configuration options for the application. The
+ *     following keys are supported:
+ *
+ *     - `strictDi`: disable automatic function annotation for the application. This is meant to
+ *       assist in finding bugs which break minified code.
+ *
+ * @returns {auto.$injector} Returns the newly created injector for this app.
+ */
+function bootstrap(element, modules, config) {
+  if (!isObject(config)) config = {};
+  var defaultConfig = {
+    strictDi: false
+  };
+  config = extend(defaultConfig, config);
+  var doBootstrap = function() {
+    element = jqLite(element);
+
+    if (element.injector()) {
+      var tag = (element[0] === document) ? 'document' : startingTag(element);
+      //Encode angle brackets to prevent input from being sanitized to empty string #8683
+      throw ngMinErr(
+          'btstrpd',
+          "App Already Bootstrapped with this Element '{0}'",
+          tag.replace(/</,'&lt;').replace(/>/,'&gt;'));
+    }
+
+    modules = modules || [];
+    modules.unshift(['$provide', function($provide) {
+      $provide.value('$rootElement', element);
+    }]);
+
+    if (config.debugInfoEnabled) {
+      // Pushing so that this overrides `debugInfoEnabled` setting defined in user's `modules`.
+      modules.push(['$compileProvider', function($compileProvider) {
+        $compileProvider.debugInfoEnabled(true);
+      }]);
+    }
+
+    modules.unshift('ng');
+    var injector = createInjector(modules, config.strictDi);
+    injector.invoke(['$rootScope', '$rootElement', '$compile', '$injector',
+       function bootstrapApply(scope, element, compile, injector) {
+        scope.$apply(function() {
+          element.data('$injector', injector);
+          compile(element)(scope);
+        });
+      }]
+    );
+    return injector;
+  };
+
+  var NG_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO = /^NG_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO!/;
+  var NG_DEFER_BOOTSTRAP = /^NG_DEFER_BOOTSTRAP!/;
+
+  if (window && NG_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO.test(window.name)) {
+    config.debugInfoEnabled = true;
+    window.name = window.name.replace(NG_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO, '');
+  }
+
+  if (window && !NG_DEFER_BOOTSTRAP.test(window.name)) {
+    return doBootstrap();
+  }
+
+  window.name = window.name.replace(NG_DEFER_BOOTSTRAP, '');
+  angular.resumeBootstrap = function(extraModules) {
+    forEach(extraModules, function(module) {
+      modules.push(module);
+    });
+    doBootstrap();
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc function
+ * @name angular.reloadWithDebugInfo
+ * @module ng
+ * @description
+ * Use this function to reload the current application with debug information turned on.
+ * This takes precedence over a call to `$compileProvider.debugInfoEnabled(false)`.
+ *
+ * See {@link ng.$compileProvider#debugInfoEnabled} for more.
+ */
+function reloadWithDebugInfo() {
+  window.name = 'NG_ENABLE_DEBUG_INFO!' + window.name;
+  window.location.reload();
+}
+
+/**
+ * @name angular.getTestability
+ * @module ng
+ * @description
+ * Get the testability service for the instance of Angular on the given
+ * element.
+ * @param {DOMElement} element DOM element which is the root of angular application.
+ */
+function getTestability(rootElement) {
+  return angular.element(rootElement).injector().get('$$testability');
+}
+
+var SNAKE_CASE_REGEXP = /[A-Z]/g;
+function snake_case(name, separator) {
+  separator = separator || '_';
+  return name.replace(SNAKE_CASE_REGEXP, function(letter, pos) {
+    return (pos ? separator : '') + letter.toLowerCase();
+  });
+}
+
+var bindJQueryFired = false;
+var skipDestroyOnNextJQueryCleanData;
+function bindJQuery() {
+  var originalCleanData;
+
+  if (bindJQueryFired) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // bind to jQuery if present;
+  jQuery = window.jQuery;
+  // Use jQuery if it exists with proper functionality, otherwise default to us.
+  // Angular 1.2+ requires jQuery 1.7+ for on()/off() support.
+  // Angular 1.3+ technically requires at least jQuery 2.1+ but it may work with older
+  // versions. It will not work for sure with jQuery <1.7, though.
+  if (jQuery && jQuery.fn.on) {
+    jqLite = jQuery;
+    extend(jQuery.fn, {
+      scope: JQLitePrototype.scope,
+      isolateScope: JQLitePrototype.isolateScope,
+      controller: JQLitePrototype.controller,
+      injector: JQLitePrototype.injector,
+      inheritedData: JQLitePrototype.inheritedData
+    });
+
+    // All nodes removed from the DOM via various jQuery APIs like .remove()
+    // are passed through jQuery.cleanData. Monkey-patch this method to fire
+    // the $destroy event on all removed nodes.
+    originalCleanData = jQuery.cleanData;
+    jQuery.cleanData = function(elems) {
+      var events;
+      if (!skipDestroyOnNextJQueryCleanData) {
+        for (var i = 0, elem; (elem = elems[i]) != null; i++) {
+          events = jQuery._data(elem, "events");
+          if (events && events.$destroy) {
+            jQuery(elem).triggerHandler('$destroy');
+          }
+        }
+      } else {
+        skipDestroyOnNextJQueryCleanData = false;
+      }
+      originalCleanData(elems);
+    };
+  } else {
+    jqLite = JQLite;
+  }
+
+  angular.element = jqLite;
+
+  // Prevent double-proxying.
+  bindJQueryFired = true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * throw error if the argument is falsy.
+ */
+function assertArg(arg, name, reason) {
+  if (!arg) {
+    throw ngMinErr('areq', "Argument '{0}' is {1}", (name || '?'), (reason || "required"));
+  }
+  return arg;
+}
+
+function assertArgFn(arg, name, acceptArrayAnnotation) {
+  if (acceptArrayAnnotation && isArray(arg)) {
+      arg = arg[arg.length - 1];
+  }
+
+  assertArg(isFunction(arg), name, 'not a function, got ' +
+      (arg && typeof arg === 'object' ? arg.constructor.name || 'Object' : typeof arg));
+  return arg;
+}
+
+/**
+ * throw error if the name given is hasOwnProperty
+ * @param  {String} name    the name to test
+ * @param  {String} context the context in which the name is used, such as module or directive
+ */
+function assertNotHasOwnProperty(name, context) {
+  if (name === 'hasOwnProperty') {
+    throw ngMinErr('badname', "hasOwnProperty is not a valid {0} name", context);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return the value accessible from the object by path. Any undefined traversals are ignored
+ * @param {Object} obj starting object
+ * @param {String} path path to traverse
+ * @param {boolean} [bindFnToScope=true]
+ * @returns {Object} value as accessible by path
+ */
+//TODO(misko): this function needs to be removed
+function getter(obj, path, bindFnToScope) {
+  if (!path) return obj;
+  var keys = path.split('.');
+  var key;
+  var lastInstance = obj;
+  var len = keys.length;
+
+  for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+    key = keys[i];
+    if (obj) {
+      obj = (lastInstance = obj)[key];
+    }
+  }
+  if (!bindFnToScope && isFunction(obj)) {
+    return bind(lastInstance, obj);
+  }
+  return obj;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return the DOM siblings between the first and last node in the given array.
+ * @param {Array} array like object
+ * @returns {jqLite} jqLite collection containing the nodes
+ */
+function getBlockNodes(nodes) {
+  // TODO(perf): just check if all items in `nodes` are siblings and if they are return the original
+  //             collection, otherwise update the original collection.
+  var node = nodes[0];
+  var endNode = nodes[nodes.length - 1];
+  var blockNodes = [node];
+
+  do {
+    node = node.nextSibling;
+    if (!node) break;
+    blockNodes.push(node);
+  } while (node !== endNode);
+
+  return jqLite(blockNodes);
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * Creates a new object without a prototype. This object is useful for lookup without having to
+ * guard against prototypically inherited properties via hasOwnProperty.
+ *
+ * Related micro-benchmarks:
+ * - http://jsperf.com/object-create2
+ * - http://jsperf.com/proto-map-lookup/2
+ * - http://jsperf.com/for-in-vs-object-keys2
+ *
+ * @returns {Object}
+ */
+function createMap() {
+  return Object.create(null);
+}
+
+var NODE_TYPE_ELEMENT = 1;
+var NODE_TYPE_TEXT = 3;
+var NODE_TYPE_COMMENT = 8;
+var NODE_TYPE_DOCUMENT = 9;
+var NODE_TYPE_DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT = 11;
+
+/**
+ * @ngdoc type
+ * @name angular.Module
+ * @module ng
+ * @description
+ *
+ * Interface for configuring angular {@link angular.module modules}.
+ */
+
+function setupModuleLoader(window) {
+
+  var $injectorMinErr = minErr('$injector');
+  var ngMinErr = minErr('ng');
+
+  function ensure(obj, name, factory) {
+    return obj[name] || (obj[name] = factory());
+  }
+
+  var angular = ensure(window, 'angular', Object);
+
+  // We need to expose `angular.$$minErr` to modules such as `ngResource` that reference it during bootstrap
+  angular.$$minErr = angular.$$minErr || minErr;
+
+  return ensure(angular, 'module', function() {
+    /** @type {Object.<string, angular.Module>} */
+    var modules = {};
+
+    /**
+     * @ngdoc function
+     * @name angular.module
+     * @module ng
+     * @description
+     *
+     * The `angular.module` is a global place for creating, registering and retrieving Angular
+     * modules.
+     * All modules (angular core or 3rd party) that should be available to an application must be
+     * registered using this mechanism.
+     *
+     * When passed two or more arguments, a new module is created.  If passed only one argument, an
+     * existing module (the name passed as the first argument to `module`) is retrieved.
+     *
+     *
+     * # Module
+     *
+     * A module is a collection of services, directives, controllers, filters, and configuration information.
+     * `angular.module` is used to configure the {@link auto.$injector $injector}.
+     *
+     * ```js
+     * // Create a new module
+     * var myModule = angular.module('myModule', []);
+     *
+     * // register a new service
+     * myModule.value('appName', 'MyCoolApp');
+     *
+     * // configure existing services inside initialization blocks.
+     * myModule.config(['$locationProvider', function($locationProvider) {
+     *   // Configure existing providers
+     *   $locationProvider.hashPrefix('!');
+     * }]);
+     * ```
+     *
+     * Then you can create an injector and load your modules like this:
+     *
+     * ```js
+     * var injector = angular.injector(['ng', 'myModule'])
+     * ```
+     *
+     * However it's more likely that you'll just use
+     * {@link ng.directive:ngApp ngApp} or
+     * {@link angular.bootstrap} to simplify this process for you.
+     *
+     * @param {!string} name The name of the module to create or retrieve.
+     * @param {!Array.<string>=} requires If specified then new module is being created. If
+     *        unspecified then the module is being retrieved for further configuration.
+     * @param {Function=} configFn Optional configuration function for the module. Same as
+     *        {@link angular.Module#config Module#config()}.
+     * @returns {module} new module with the {@link angular.Module} api.
+     */
+    return function module(name, requires, configFn) {
+      var assertNotHasOwnProperty = function(name, context) {
+        if (name === 'hasOwnProperty') {
+          throw ngMinErr('badname', 'hasOwnProperty is not a valid {0} name', context);
+        }
+      };
+
+      assertNotHasOwnProperty(name, 'module');
+      if (requires && modules.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
+        modules[name] = null;
+      }
+      return ensure(modules, name, function() {
+        if (!requires) {
+          throw $injectorMinErr('nomod', "Module '{0}' is not available! You either misspelled " +
+             "the module name or forgot to load it. If registering a module ensure that you " +
+             "specify the dependencies as the second argument.", name);
+        }
+
+        /** @type {!Array.<Array.<*>>} */
+        var invokeQueue = [];
+
+        /** @type {!Array.<Function>} */
+        var configBlocks = [];
+
+        /** @type {!Array.<Function>} */
+        var runBlocks = [];
+
+        var config = invokeLater('$injector', 'invoke', 'push', configBlocks);
+
+        /** @type {angular.Module} */
+        var moduleInstance = {
+          // Private state
+          _invokeQueue: invokeQueue,
+          _configBlocks: configBlocks,
+          _runBlocks: runBlocks,
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc property
+           * @name angular.Module#requires
+           * @module ng
+           *
+           * @description
+           * Holds the list of modules which the injector will load before the current module is
+           * loaded.
+           */
+          requires: requires,
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc property
+           * @name angular.Module#name
+           * @module ng
+           *
+           * @description
+           * Name of the module.
+           */
+          name: name,
+
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#provider
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {string} name service name
+           * @param {Function} providerType Construction function for creating new instance of the
+           *                                service.
+           * @description
+           * See {@link auto.$provide#provider $provide.provider()}.
+           */
+          provider: invokeLater('$provide', 'provider'),
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#factory
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {string} name service name
+           * @param {Function} providerFunction Function for creating new instance of the service.
+           * @description
+           * See {@link auto.$provide#factory $provide.factory()}.
+           */
+          factory: invokeLater('$provide', 'factory'),
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#service
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {string} name service name
+           * @param {Function} constructor A constructor function that will be instantiated.
+           * @description
+           * See {@link auto.$provide#service $provide.service()}.
+           */
+          service: invokeLater('$provide', 'service'),
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#value
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {string} name service name
+           * @param {*} object Service instance object.
+           * @description
+           * See {@link auto.$provide#value $provide.value()}.
+           */
+          value: invokeLater('$provide', 'value'),
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#constant
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {string} name constant name
+           * @param {*} object Constant value.
+           * @description
+           * Because the constant are fixed, they get applied before other provide methods.
+           * See {@link auto.$provide#constant $provide.constant()}.
+           */
+          constant: invokeLater('$provide', 'constant', 'unshift'),
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#animation
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {string} name animation name
+           * @param {Function} animationFactory Factory function for creating new instance of an
+           *                                    animation.
+           * @description
+           *
+           * **NOTE**: animations take effect only if the **ngAnimate** module is loaded.
+           *
+           *
+           * Defines an animation hook that can be later used with
+           * {@link ngAnimate.$animate $animate} service and directives that use this service.
+           *
+           * ```js
+           * module.animation('.animation-name', function($inject1, $inject2) {
+           *   return {
+           *     eventName : function(element, done) {
+           *       //code to run the animation
+           *       //once complete, then run done()
+           *       return function cancellationFunction(element) {
+           *         //code to cancel the animation
+           *       }
+           *     }
+           *   }
+           * })
+           * ```
+           *
+           * See {@link ng.$animateProvider#register $animateProvider.register()} and
+           * {@link ngAnimate ngAnimate module} for more information.
+           */
+          animation: invokeLater('$animateProvider', 'register'),
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#filter
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {string} name Filter name.
+           * @param {Function} filterFactory Factory function for creating new instance of filter.
+           * @description
+           * See {@link ng.$filterProvider#register $filterProvider.register()}.
+           */
+          filter: invokeLater('$filterProvider', 'register'),
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#controller
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {string|Object} name Controller name, or an object map of controllers where the
+           *    keys are the names and the values are the constructors.
+           * @param {Function} constructor Controller constructor function.
+           * @description
+           * See {@link ng.$controllerProvider#register $controllerProvider.register()}.
+           */
+          controller: invokeLater('$controllerProvider', 'register'),
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#directive
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {string|Object} name Directive name, or an object map of directives where the
+           *    keys are the names and the values are the factories.
+           * @param {Function} directiveFactory Factory function for creating new instance of
+           * directives.
+           * @description
+           * See {@link ng.$compileProvider#directive $compileProvider.directive()}.
+           */
+          directive: invokeLater('$compileProvider', 'directive'),
+
+          /**
+           * @ngdoc method
+           * @name angular.Module#config
+           * @module ng
+           * @param {Function} configFn Execute this function on module load. Useful for service
+           *    configuration.
+           * @description
+           * Use this method to register work which needs to be performed on module loading.
+         …
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