[SPARK-45075][SQL] Fix alter table with invalid default value will no…

…t report error

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?
This PR make sure ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN with invalid default value on DataSource V2 will report error, before this PR it will alter sucess.

### Why are the changes needed?
Fix the error behavior on DataSource V2 with ALTER TABLE statement.

### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?
Yes, the invalid default value will report error.

### How was this patch tested?
Add new test.

### Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?
No.

Closes #42810 from Hisoka-X/SPARK-45075_alter_invalid_default_value_on_v2.

Authored-by: Jia Fan <fanjiaeminem@qq.com>
Signed-off-by: Dongjoon Hyun <dhyun@apple.com>
(cherry picked from commit 4dd4737)
Signed-off-by: Dongjoon Hyun <dhyun@apple.com>

sql/catalyst/src/main/java/org/apache/spark/sql/connector/catalog/TableChange.java

@@ -696,9 +696,8 @@ public String[] fieldNames() {
     /**
      * Returns the column default value SQL string (Spark SQL dialect). The default value literal
      * is not provided as updating column default values does not need to back-fill existing data.
-     * Null means dropping the column default value.
+     * Empty string means dropping the column default value.
      */
-    @Nullable
     public String newDefaultValue() { return newDefaultValue; }
 
     @Override

sql/catalyst/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/catalyst/plans/logical/v2AlterTableCommands.scala

@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
 
 package org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.plans.logical
 
-import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.analysis.{FieldName, FieldPosition}
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.analysis.{FieldName, FieldPosition, ResolvedFieldName}
 import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.catalog.CatalogTypes.TablePartitionSpec
-import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.util.TypeUtils
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.util.{ResolveDefaultColumns, TypeUtils}
 import org.apache.spark.sql.connector.catalog.{TableCatalog, TableChange}
 import org.apache.spark.sql.errors.QueryCompilationErrors
 import org.apache.spark.sql.types.DataType
@@ -228,6 +228,13 @@ case class AlterColumn(
       TableChange.updateColumnPosition(colName, newPosition.position)
     }
     val defaultValueChange = setDefaultExpression.map { newDefaultExpression =>
+      if (newDefaultExpression.nonEmpty) {
+        // SPARK-45075: We call 'ResolveDefaultColumns.analyze' here to make sure that the default
+        // value parses successfully, and return an error otherwise
+        val newDataType = dataType.getOrElse(column.asInstanceOf[ResolvedFieldName].field.dataType)
+        ResolveDefaultColumns.analyze(column.name.last, newDataType, newDefaultExpression,
+          "ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN")
+      }
       TableChange.updateColumnDefaultValue(colName, newDefaultExpression)
     }
     typeChange.toSeq ++ nullabilityChange ++ commentChange ++ positionChange ++ defaultValueChange

sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/connector/AlterTableTests.scala

@@ -363,6 +363,35 @@ trait AlterTableTests extends SharedSparkSession with QueryErrorsBase {
     }
   }
 
+  test("SPARK-45075: ALTER COLUMN with invalid default value") {
+    withSQLConf(SQLConf.DEFAULT_COLUMN_ALLOWED_PROVIDERS.key -> s"$v2Format, ") {
+      withTable("t") {
+        sql(s"create table t(i boolean) using $v2Format")
+        // The default value fails to analyze.
+        checkError(
+          exception = intercept[AnalysisException] {
+            sql("alter table t add column s bigint default badvalue")
+          },
+          errorClass = "INVALID_DEFAULT_VALUE.UNRESOLVED_EXPRESSION",
+          parameters = Map(
+            "statement" -> "ALTER TABLE",
+            "colName" -> "`s`",
+            "defaultValue" -> "badvalue"))
+
+        sql("alter table t add column s bigint default 3L")
+        checkError(
+          exception = intercept[AnalysisException] {
+            sql("alter table t alter column s set default badvalue")
+          },
+          errorClass = "INVALID_DEFAULT_VALUE.UNRESOLVED_EXPRESSION",
+          parameters = Map(
+            "statement" -> "ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN",
+            "colName" -> "`s`",
+            "defaultValue" -> "badvalue"))
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
   test("AlterTable: add complex column") {
     val t = fullTableName("table_name")
     withTable(t) {