Add synthetic fuel production & methane boiler

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 
 ### Added (models)
 
+* **ADD** Hydrogen and synthetic fuel energy carriers in the Calliope model, and the technologies to generate those (hydrogen from electrolysis and synthetic fuels from biofuels or hydrogen+CO2) (#416)
+
 * **ADD** Specific biofuel energy carrier in the Calliope model, which can be used to generate electricity or to meet heat demand (#417).
 
 * **ADD** Industry module: iron and steel, "default" combined categories. NOT CONNECTED TO THE MAIN WORKFLOW. (Fixes #308, #309, #310, #347, #345 and #346)

Snakefile

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ rule module_with_location_specific_data:
         biofuel_efficiency = config["parameters"]["biofuel-efficiency"],
     wildcard_constraints:
         # Exclude all outputs that have their own `techs_and_locations_template` implementation
-        group_and_tech = "(?!transmission\/|supply\/biofuel|supply\/electrified-biofuel).*"
+        group_and_tech = "(?!transmission\/electricity-|supply\/biofuel|supply\/electrified-biofuel).*"
     conda: "envs/default.yaml"
     output: "build/models/{resolution}/techs/{group_and_tech}.yaml"
     script: "scripts/template_techs.py"
@@ -194,22 +194,31 @@ rule model:
             ] + ["techs/transmission/electricity-entsoe.yaml" for i in [None] if wildcards.resolution == "national"]
         ),
         optional_heat_modules = expand(
-            "build/models/{{resolution}}/{module}",
+            "build/models/{{resolution}}/techs/{module}",
             module=[
-                "techs/demand/heat.yaml",
-                "techs/demand/electrified-heat.yaml",
-                "techs/storage/heat.yaml",
-                "techs/conversion/heat-from-electricity.yaml",
-                "techs/conversion/heat-from-biofuel.yaml",
-                "techs/supply/historic-electrified-heat.yaml"
+                "demand/heat.yaml",
+                "demand/electrified-heat.yaml",
+                "storage/heat.yaml",
+                "conversion/heat-from-electricity.yaml",
+                "conversion/heat-from-biofuel.yaml",
+                "conversion/heat-from-methane.yaml",
+                "supply/historic-electrified-heat.yaml"
             ]
         ),
         optional_biofuel_modules = expand(
-            "build/models/{{resolution}}/{module}",
+            "build/models/{{resolution}}/techs/{module}",
+            module=[
+                "supply/biofuel.yaml",
+                "supply/electrified-biofuel.yaml",
+                "conversion/electricity-from-biofuel.yaml"
+            ]
+        ),
+        optional_synfuel_modules = expand(
+            "build/models/{{resolution}}/techs/{module}",
             module=[
-                "techs/supply/biofuel.yaml",
-                "techs/supply/electrified-biofuel.yaml",
-                "techs/conversion/electricity-from-biofuel.yaml"
+                "conversion/synfuels-from-hydrogen.yaml",
+                "conversion/synfuels-from-biofuel.yaml",
+                "conversion/hydrogen-from-electricity.yaml",
             ]
         )
     params:

config/default.yaml

@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ scaling-factors: # values are tuned for models with a few hours resolution and o
     area: 0.0001 # from km2 to 10,000 km2
     monetary: 0.000000001 # from EUR to 1 billion EUR
     transport: 0.01  # from Mio km to 100 Mio km
+    co2: 0.0001  # from t to 10 kt
 capacity-factors:
     min: 0.001
     max: 10 # 0.001 -> 10 leads to a numerical range of 1e5 (hourly resolution)

config/schema.yaml

@@ -208,6 +208,11 @@ properties:
             transport:
                 type: number
                 description: "Applied to all quantities of transport (base: Mio km)."
+            co2:
+                type: number
+                description: "Applied to all quantities of CO2 flows (base: tonnes)."
+
+
     parameters:
         type: object
         description: Parameter values of the models.

docs/about/references.md

@@ -4,47 +4,52 @@ When we use parameters and assumptions from the literature, we indicate the sour
 
 ### @Trondle:2019
 
-Tröndle, T., Pfenninger, S., &#38; Lilliestam, J. (2019). Home-made or imported: On the possibility for renewable electricity autarky on all scales in Europe. <i>Energy Strategy Reviews</i>, <i>26</i>, 100388. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.100388](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.100388)
+Tröndle, T., Pfenninger, S., &#38; Lilliestam, J. (2019). Home-made or imported: On the possibility for renewable electricity autarky on all scales in Europe. _Energy Strategy Reviews_, _26_, 100388. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.100388>.
 
 ### @Steffen:2019
 
-Steffen, B. (2019). <i>Estimating the Cost of Capital for Renewable Energy Projects</i> (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3373905). Social Science Research Network. [https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3373905](https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3373905)
+Steffen, B. (2019). _Estimating the Cost of Capital for Renewable Energy Projects_ (SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3373905). Social Science Research Network. <https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3373905>.
 
 ### @Schmidt:2019
 
-Schmidt, O., Melchior, S., Hawkes, A., &#38; Staffell, I. (2019). Projecting the Future Levelized Cost of Electricity Storage Technologies. <i>Joule</i>, <i>0</i>(0). [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.12.008](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.12.008)
+Schmidt, O., Melchior, S., Hawkes, A., &#38; Staffell, I. (2019). Projecting the Future Levelized Cost of Electricity Storage Technologies. _Joule_, _0_(0). <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.12.008>.
 
 ### @Wirth:2017
 
-Wirth, H. (2017). <i>Aktuelle Fakten zur Photovoltaik in Deutschland</i>. Fraunhofer ISE. [https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/de/daten-zu-erneuerbaren-energien.html](https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/de/daten-zu-erneuerbaren-energien.html)
+Wirth, H. (2017). _Aktuelle Fakten zur Photovoltaik in Deutschland_. Fraunhofer ISE. <https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/de/daten-zu-erneuerbaren-energien.html>.
 
 ### @Klauser:2016
 
-Klauser, D. (2016). <i>Solarpotentialanalyse für Sonnendach.ch</i> (p. 50). Swiss Federal Office of Energy. [https://www.bfe.admin.ch/bfe/de/home/news-und-medien/publikationen.exturl.html/aHR0cHM6Ly9wdWJkYi5iZmUuYWRtaW4uY2gvZGUvcHVibGljYX/Rpb24vZG93bmxvYWQvODE5Ng==.html](https://www.bfe.admin.ch/bfe/de/home/news-und-medien/publikationen.exturl.html/aHR0cHM6Ly9wdWJkYi5iZmUuYWRtaW4uY2gvZGUvcHVibGljYX/Rpb24vZG93bmxvYWQvODE5Ng==.html)
+Klauser, D. (2016). _Solarpotentialanalyse für Sonnendach.ch_ (p. 50). Swiss Federal Office of Energy. <https://www.bfe.admin.ch/bfe/de/home/news-und-medien/publikationen.exturl.html/aHR0cHM6Ly9wdWJkYi5iZmUuYWRtaW4uY2gvZGUvcHVibGljYX/Rpb24vZG93bmxvYWQvODE5Ng==.html>
 
 ### @Gagnon:2016
 
-Gagnon, P., Margolis, R., Melius, J., Phillips, C., &#38; Elmore, R. (2016). Estimating rooftop solar technical potential across the US using a combination of GIS-based methods, lidar data, and statistical modeling. <i>Environmental Research Letters</i>.
+Gagnon, P., Margolis, R., Melius, J., Phillips, C., &#38; Elmore, R. (2016). Estimating rooftop solar technical potential across the US using a combination of GIS-based methods, lidar data, and statistical modeling. _Environmental Research Letters_.
 
 ### @JRC:2014
 
-JRC. (2014). <i>ETRI 2014 -- Energy Technology Reference Indicator projections for 2010-2050</i>. JRC. [https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/science-update/etri](https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/science-update/etri)
+JRC. (2014). _ETRI 2014 -- Energy Technology Reference Indicator projections for 2010-2050_. JRC. <https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/science-update/etri>.
 
 ### @EuropeanEnvironmentAgency:2009
 
-European Environment Agency. (2009). <i>Europe’s onshore and offshore wind energy potential</i> [Publication]. [https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/europes-onshore-and-offshore-wind-energy-potential](https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/europes-onshore-and-offshore-wind-energy-potential)
+European Environment Agency. (2009). _Europe’s onshore and offshore wind energy potential_ [Publication]. <https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/europes-onshore-and-offshore-wind-energy-potential>.
 
 ### @Ruiz:2019
-Ruiz, P., Nijs, W., Tarvydas, D., Sgobbi, A., Zucker, A., Pilli, R., Jonsson, R., Camia, A., Thiel, C., Hoyer-Klick, C., Dalla Longa, F., Kober, T., Badger, J., Volker, P., Elbersen, B. S., Brosowski, A., &#38; Thrän, D. (2019). ENSPRESO - an open, EU-28 wide, transparent and coherent database of wind, solar and biomass energy potentials. <i>Energy Strategy Reviews</i>, <i>26</i>, 100379. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.100379](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.100379)
+
+Ruiz, P., Nijs, W., Tarvydas, D., Sgobbi, A., Zucker, A., Pilli, R., Jonsson, R., Camia, A., Thiel, C., Hoyer-Klick, C., Dalla Longa, F., Kober, T., Badger, J., Volker, P., Elbersen, B. S., Brosowski, A., &#38; Thrän, D. (2019). ENSPRESO - an open, EU-28 wide, transparent and coherent database of wind, solar and biomass energy potentials. _Energy Strategy Reviews_, _26_, 100379. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.100379>.
 
 ### @schroeder:2013
 
-Schröder, A., Kunz, F., Meiss, J., Mendelevitch, R., &#38; Von Hirschhausen, C. (2013). <i>Current and prospective costs of electricity generation until 2050.</i> [https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/80348/1/757528015.pdf](https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/80348/1/757528015.pdf)
+Schröder, A., Kunz, F., Meiss, J., Mendelevitch, R., &#38; Von Hirschhausen, C. (2013). _Current and prospective costs of electricity generation until 2050_. <https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/80348/1/757528015.pdf>.
 
-### @DEA:2020
+### @DEA:2020a
 
 Danish Energy Agency. (2020). _Technology Data for Generation of Electricity and District Heating, version 9._ <https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data/technology-data-generation-electricity-and>
 
+### @DEA:2020b
+
+Danish Energy Agency. (2020). _Technology Data for Energy Carrier Generation and Conversion, version 3._ <https://ens.dk/en/our-services/technology-catalogues/technology-data-renewable-fuels>
+
 ### @DEA:2019
 
 Danish Energy Agency. (2019). _Technology Data for Energy storage, version 4._ <https://ens.dk/en/our-services/technology-catalogues/technology-data-energy-storage>
@@ -55,31 +60,39 @@ Danish Energy Agency. (2017). _Technology Data for heating installations, versio
 
 ### @Wealer:2019
 
-Wealer, B., Bauer, S., Göke, L., von Hirschhausen, C. and Kemfert, C. (2019). <i>Economics of Nuclear Power Plant Investment: Monte Carlo Simulations of Generation III/III+ Investment Projects</i>. [https://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.698579.de/dp1833.pdf](https://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.698579.de/dp1833.pdf)
+Wealer, B., Bauer, S., Göke, L., von Hirschhausen, C. and Kemfert, C. (2019). _Economics of Nuclear Power Plant Investment: Monte Carlo Simulations of Generation III/III+ Investment Projects_. <https://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.698579.de/dp1833.pdf>.
 
 ### @IEA:2020
 
-International Energy Agency. (2020). <i>World Energy Model Documentation: 2020 version</i> [https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/55b96d4d-e9f0-46a1-9965-590ef37c1ff6/WEM_Documentation_WEO2020.pdf](https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/55b96d4d-e9f0-46a1-9965-590ef37c1ff6/WEM_Documentation_WEO2020.pdf)
+International Energy Agency. (2020). _World Energy Model Documentation: 2020 version_. <https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/55b96d4d-e9f0-46a1-9965-590ef37c1ff6/WEM_Documentation_WEO2020.pdf>.
 
 ### @Barkatullah:2017
 
-Barkatullah, N. and Ahmad, A. (2017). <i>Current status and emerging trends in financing nuclear power projects.</i>Energy Strategy Reviews, 18, pp. 127–140. [doi:10.1016/j.esr.2017.09.015](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2017.09.015)
+Barkatullah, N. and Ahmad, A. (2017). _Current status and emerging trends in financing nuclear power projects_.Energy Strategy Reviews, 18, pp. 127–140. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2017.09.015>.
 
 ### @BEIS:2016
 
-Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2016). <i>Electricity Generation Costs 2016</i>. [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-electricity-generation-costs-november-2016](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-electricity-generation-costs-november-2016)
+Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2016). _Electricity Generation Costs 2016_. <https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-electricity-generation-costs-november-2016>.
 
 ### @Mantzos:2017
 
-Mantzos, L., Wiesenthal, T., Matei, N. A., Tchung-Ming, S., Rozsai, M., Russ, P., & Ramirez, A. S. (2017). JRC-IDEES: Integrated Database of the European Energy Sector: Methodological note. JRC Research Reports, Article JRC108244. https://ideas.repec.org//p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html
+Mantzos, L., Wiesenthal, T., Matei, N. A., Tchung-Ming, S., Rozsai, M., Russ, P., & Ramirez, A. S. (2017). _JRC-IDEES: Integrated Database of the European Energy Sector: Methodological note_. JRC Research Reports, Article JRC108244. <https://ideas.repec.org//p/ipt/iptwpa/jrc108244.html>
 
 ### @Ruhnau:2019
 
-Ruhnau, O., Hirth, L. & Praktiknjo, A. Time series of heat demand and heat pump efficiency for energy system modeling. Sci Data 6, 189 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0199-y
+Ruhnau, O., Hirth, L. & Praktiknjo, A. (2019). _Time series of heat demand and heat pump efficiency for energy system modeling_. Sci Data 6, 189. <https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0199-y>.
 
 ### @BDEW:2015
 
-German Association of Energy and Water Industries (BDEW), German Association of Local Utilities (VKU) & European Association of Loacal Energy Distributors (GEODE). Abwicklung von Standardlastprofilen Gas [Execution of Gas Standard Load Profiles]. Guidelines (BDEW, 2015). [https://www.bdew.de/media/documents/Leitfaden_20160630_Abwicklung-Standardlastprofile-Gas.pdf](https://www.bdew.de/media/documents/Leitfaden_20160630_Abwicklung-Standardlastprofile-Gas.pdf)
+German Association of Energy and Water Industries (BDEW), German Association of Local Utilities (VKU) & European Association of Local Energy Distributors (GEODE) (2015). _Abwicklung von Standardlastprofilen Gas [Execution of Gas Standard Load Profiles]_. Guidelines. <https://www.bdew.de/media/documents/Leitfaden_20160630_Abwicklung-Standardlastprofile-Gas.pdf>.
+
+### @Boehm:2020
+
+Böhm, H., Zauner, A., Rosenfeld, D.C. and Tichler, R. (2020). _Projecting cost development for future large-scale power-to-gas implementations by scaling effects_. Applied Energy, 264, p.114780. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114780>.
+
+### @Fasihi:2019
+
+Fasihi, M., Efimova, O., and Breyer, C. (2019). _Techno-economic assessment of CO2 direct air capture plants_. Journal of Cleaner Production 224, 957–980. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.086>
 
 ### @Mermoud:2015
 

docs/model/customisation.md

@@ -88,6 +88,8 @@ Here, we describe each module in terms of the technologies they contain (`callio
 
         **biofuel_heat_storage_small**: Storage buffer for biofuel boilers which inherits from the `heat_storage_small` abstract technology group, assuming a domestic (small scale) application.
 
+        **methane_heat_storage_small**: Storage buffer for methane boilers which inherits from the `heat_storage_small` abstract technology group, assuming a domestic (small scale) application.
+
 ??? note "storage/hydro.yaml"
 
     === "Technologies"
@@ -140,6 +142,44 @@ Here, we describe each module in terms of the technologies they contain (`callio
 
         **electric_heater_tech_heat_to_demand**: Dummy technology to convert electric heater output to a carrier that can be used to meet heat demand.
 
+??? note "conversion/heat-from-methane.yaml"
+
+    === "Technologies"
+
+        **methane_boiler**: Natural gas / methane boiler
+
+        **methane_tech_heat_to_demand**: "Dummy" technology to convert methane boiler output to a carrier that can be used to meet heat demand.
+
+??? note "conversion/synfuels-from-hydrogen.yaml"
+
+    === "Technologies"
+
+        **hydrogen_to_liquids**: Hydrogen+CO<sub>2</sub> to liquid fuels (diesel & kerosene) converter.
+
+        **hydrogen_to_methanol**: Hydrogen+CO<sub>2</sub> to methanol converter.
+
+        **hydrogen_to_methane**: Hydrogen+CO<sub>2</sub> to methane converter.
+
+        **dac**: Direct air CO<sub>2</sub> capture.
+
+??? note "conversion/synfuels-from-biofuel.yaml"
+
+    === "Technologies"
+
+        **biofuel_to_liquids**: Biofuel to liquid fuels (diesel & kerosene) converter.
+
+        **biofuel_to_diesel**: Biofuel to vehicle fuel (assumed diesel) converter.
+
+        **biofuel_to_methanol**: Biofuel to methanol converter.
+
+        **biofuel_to_methane**: Biofuel to methane converter.
+
+??? note "conversion/hydrogen-from-electricity.yaml"
+
+    === "Technologies"
+
+        **electrolysis**: Hydrogen by electrolysis, assuming an equal combination from the primary types of electrolysers: SOEC, PEM, and Alkaline.
+
 ??? note "supply/historic-electrified-heat.yaml"
 
     === "Technologies"

scripts/heat/group_gridded_timeseries.py

@@ -36,9 +36,10 @@ def _site_weighted_ave(
 
     This function exists to enable multi-processing across IDs.
     """
-    id_grid_weight = grid_weight.sel(id=id).dropna("site")
+    id_grid_weight = grid_weight.sel(id=id).where(lambda x: x > 0).dropna("site")
     normalised_weight = id_grid_weight / id_grid_weight.sum("site")
-    return (gridded_data.reindex_like(id_grid_weight) * normalised_weight).sum("site")
+    sliced_gridded_data = gridded_data.sel(site=id_grid_weight.site)
+    return (sliced_gridded_data * normalised_weight).sum("site")
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

templates/models/techs/conversion/heat-from-methane.yaml.jinja

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+{# TODO: weight single-/multi-family technology costs based on regional dwelling ratio - see https://github.com/calliope-project/euro-calliope/issues/406 #}
+{# Costs being averaged are given in the order they appear in the spreadsheet (which is the same order as in the inline comments). #}
+{# Costs are given by DEA per technology "unit" (1000EUR/unit), so are converted to a cost per capacity (1000EUR/kW_heating) by dividing by the capacity of one unit, as given in the same data table. #}
+techs:
+    methane_boiler:  # [@DEA:2017] - 202 Natural gas boiler - 2050
+        essentials:
+            name: Natural gas / methane boiler
+            parent: conversion
+            carrier_in: methane
+            carrier_out: methane_heat
+        constraints:
+            energy_eff: 0.99
+            lifetime: 20
+        costs:
+            monetary:
+                # Costs are an average of data for existing single-family, new single-family, existing multi-family, and new multi-family homes.
+                energy_cap: {{ mean([2.7 / 10, 2.7 / 10, 21.1 / 400, 15.1 / 160]) * 1e6 * scaling_factors.specific_costs }}  # {{ (1 / scaling_factors.specific_costs) | unit("EUR2015/MW_heat") }}
+                om_annual: {{ mean([0.168 / 10, 0.168 / 10, 0.561/ 400, 0.374 / 160]) * 1e6 * scaling_factors.specific_costs }}  # {{ (1 / scaling_factors.specific_costs) | unit("EUR2015/MW_heat/year") }}
+    methane_tech_heat_to_demand:
+        essentials.parent: tech_heat_to_demand
+        essentials.carrier_in: methane_heat
+
+locations:
+    {% for id, location in locations.iterrows() %}
+    {{ id }}.techs:
+        methane_boiler:
+        methane_tech_heat_to_demand:
+    {% endfor %}