What is clean-css?

Clean-css is a fast and efficient Node.js library for minifying CSS files.

According to tests it is one of the best available.

Usage

What are the requirements?

Node.js 0.10.0+ (tested on CentOS, Ubuntu, OS X 10.6+, and Windows 7+)

How to install clean-css?

npm install clean-css

How to upgrade clean-css from 2.x to 3.x?

Command-line interface (CLI) - no breaking changes.

Node.js module

• noAdvanced became advanced - make sure to reverse the value;
• noAggressiveMerging became aggressiveMerging - make sure to reverse the value;
• noRebase became rebase - make sure to reverse the value;
• no longer possible to use CleanCSS as a function as new CleanCSS is always required;
• minify method returns a hash instead of a string now, so use new CleanCSS().minify(source).styles instead of new CleanCSS().minify(source). This change is due to addition of source-maps.
• stats, errors, and warnings are now a properties of a hash returned by minify method (see above) instead of CleanCSS instance.

How to use clean-css CLI?

Clean-css accepts the following command line arguments (please make sure you use <source-file> as the very last argument to avoid potential issues):

cleancss [options] source-file, [source-file, ...]

-h, --help                      Output usage information
-v, --version                   Output the version number
-b, --keep-line-breaks          Keep line breaks
--s0                            Remove all special comments, i.e. /*! comment */
--s1                            Remove all special comments but the first one
-r, --root [root-path]          A root path to which resolve absolute @import rules
                                and rebase relative URLs
-o, --output [output-file]      Use [output-file] as output instead of STDOUT
-s, --skip-import               Disable @import processing
--skip-rebase                   Disable URLs rebasing
--skip-advanced                 Disable advanced optimizations - selector & property merging,
                                reduction, etc.
--skip-aggressive-merging       Disable properties merging based on their order
--skip-media-merging            Disable `@media` merging
--skip-shorthand-compacting     Disable shorthand compacting
--rounding-precision [N]        Rounds to `N` decimal places. Defaults to 2. -1 disables rounding.
-c, --compatibility [ie7|ie8]   Force compatibility mode (see Readme for advanced examples)
--source-map                    Enables building input's source map
-d, --debug                     Shows debug information (minification time & compression efficiency)

Examples:

To minify a public.css file into public-min.css do:

cleancss -o public-min.css public.css

To minify the same public.css into the standard output skip the -o parameter:

cleancss public.css

More likely you would like to concatenate a couple of files. If you are on a Unix-like system:

cat one.css two.css three.css | cleancss -o merged-and-minified.css

On Windows:

type one.css two.css three.css | cleancss -o merged-and-minified.css

Or even gzip the result at once:

cat one.css two.css three.css | cleancss | gzip -9 -c > merged-minified-and-gzipped.css.gz

How to use clean-css programmatically?

var CleanCSS = require('clean-css');
var source = 'a{font-weight:bold;}';
var minified = new CleanCSS().minify(source).styles;

CleanCSS constructor accepts a hash as a parameter, i.e., new CleanCSS(options) with the following options available:

• advanced - set to false to disable advanced optimizations - selector & property merging, reduction, etc.
• aggressiveMerging - set to false to disable aggressive merging of properties.
• benchmark - turns on benchmarking mode measuring time spent on cleaning up (run npm run bench to see example)
• compatibility - enables compatibility mode, see below for more examples
• debug - set to true to get minification statistics under stats property (see test/custom-test.js for examples)
• inliner - a hash of options for @import inliner, see test/protocol-imports-test.js for examples
• keepBreaks - whether to keep line breaks (default is false)
• keepSpecialComments - * for keeping all (default), 1 for keeping first one only, 0 for removing all
• mediaMerging - whether to merge @media blocks (default is true)
• processImport - whether to process @import rules
• rebase - set to false to skip URL rebasing
• relativeTo - path to resolve relative @import rules and URLs
• root - path to resolve absolute @import rules and rebase relative URLs
• roundingPrecision - rounding precision; defaults to 2; -1 disables rounding
• shorthandCompacting - set to false to skip shorthand compacting (default is true unless sourceMap is set when it's false)
• sourceMap - exposes source map under sourceMap property, e.g. new CleanCSS().minify(source).sourceMap (default is false) If input styles are a product of CSS preprocessor (LESS, SASS) an input source map can be passed as a string.
• target - path to a folder or an output file to which rebase all URLs

How to make sure remote @imports are processed correctly?

In order to inline remote @import statements you need to provide a callback to minify method, e.g.:

var CleanCSS = require('clean-css');
var source = '@import url(http://path/to/remote/styles);';
new CleanCSS().minify(source, function (errors, minified) {
  // minified.styles
});

This is due to a fact, that, while local files can be read synchronously, remote resources can only be processed asynchronously. If you don't provide a callback, then remote @imports will be left intact.

How to use clean-css with build tools?

• Broccoli : broccoli-clean-css
• Brunch : clean-css-brunch
• Grunt : grunt-contrib-cssmin
• Gulp : gulp-minify-css
• Gulp : using vinyl-map as a wrapper - courtesy of @sogko
• component-builder2 : builder-clean-css
• Metalsmith : metalsmith-clean-css

What are the clean-css' dev commands?

First clone the source, then run:

• npm run bench for clean-css benchmarks (see test/bench.js for details)
• npm run check to check JS sources with JSHint
• npm test for the test suite

How to contribute to clean-css?

1. Fork it.
2. Add test(s) veryfying the problem.
3. Fix the problem.
4. Make sure all tests still pass (npm test).
5. Make sure your code doesn't break style rules (npm run check) and follow all other ones too.
6. Send a PR.

If you wonder where to add tests, go for:

• test/integration-test.js if it's a simple scenario
• test/fixtures/... if it's a complex scenario (just add two files, input and expected output)
• test/binary-test.js if it's related to bin/cleancss binary
• test/module-test.js if it's related to importing clean-css as a module
• test/protocol-imports-test.js if it fixes anything related to protocol @imports

Tips & Tricks

How to preserve a comment block?

Use the /*! notation instead of the standard one /*:

/*!
  Important comments included in minified output.
*/

How to rebase relative image URLs

Clean-css will handle it automatically for you (since version 1.1) in the following cases:

• When using the CLI:
  1. Use an output path via -o/--output to rebase URLs as relative to the output file.
  2. Use a root path via -r/--root to rebase URLs as absolute from the given root path.
  3. If you specify both then -r/--root takes precendence.
• When using clean-css as a library:
  1. Use a combination of relativeTo and target options for relative rebase (same as 1 in CLI).
  2. Use a combination of relativeTo and root options for absolute rebase (same as 2 in CLI).
  3. root takes precendence over target as in CLI.

How to generate source maps

Source maps are supported since version 3.0.

Additionally to mapping original CSS files, clean-css also supports input source maps, so minified styles can be mapped into their LESS or SASS sources directly.

Source maps are generated using source-map module from Mozilla.

Using CLI

To generate a source map, use --source-map switch, e.g.:

cleancss --source-map --output styles.min.css styles.css

Name of the output file is required, so a map file, named by adding .map suffix to output file name, can be created (styles.min.css.map in this case).

Using API

To generate a source map, use sourceMap: true option, e.g.:

new CleanCSS({ sourceMap: true, target: pathToOutputDirectory }).minify(source, function (minified) {
  // access minified.sourceMap for SourceMapGenerator object
  // see https://github.com/mozilla/source-map/#sourcemapgenerator for more details
  // see https://github.com/jakubpawlowicz/clean-css/blob/master/bin/cleancss#L114 on how it's used in clean-css' CLI
});

Using API you can also pass an input source map directly:

new CleanCSS({ sourceMap: inputSourceMapAsString, target: pathToOutputDirectory }).minify(source, function (minified) {
  // access minified.sourceMap to access SourceMapGenerator object
  // see https://github.com/mozilla/source-map/#sourcemapgenerator for more details
  // see https://github.com/jakubpawlowicz/clean-css/blob/master/bin/cleancss#L114 on how it's used in clean-css' CLI
});

Or even multiple input source maps at once (available since version 3.1):

new CleanCSS({ sourceMap: true, target: pathToOutputDirectory }).minify({
  'path/to/source/1': {
    styles: '...styles...',
    sourceMap: '...source-map...'
  },
  'path/to/source/2': {
    styles: '...styles...',
    sourceMap: '...source-map...'
  }
}, function (minified) {
  // access minified.sourceMap as above
});

Caveats

• Shorthand compacting is currently disabled when source maps are enabled, see #399
• Sources inlined in source maps are not supported, see #397

How to minify multiple files with API

Passing an array

new CleanCSS().minify(['path/to/file/one', 'path/to/file/two']);

Passing a hash

new CleanCSS().minify({
  'path/to/file/one': {
    styles: 'contents of file one'
  },
  'path/to/file/two': {
    styles: 'contents of file two'
  }
});

How to set compatibility mode

Compatibility settings are controlled by --compatibility switch (CLI) and compatibility option (library mode).

In both modes the following values are allowed:

• 'ie7' - Internet Explorer 7 compatibility mode
• 'ie8' - Internet Explorer 8 compatibility mode
• '' or '*' (default) - Internet Explorer 9+ compatibility mode

Since clean-css 3 a fine grained control is available over those settings, with the following options available:

• '[+-]colors.opacity' - - turn on (+) / off (-) rgba() / hsla() declarations removal
• '[+-]properties.iePrefixHack' - turn on / off IE prefix hack removal
• '[+-]properties.ieSuffixHack' - turn on / off IE suffix hack removal
• '[+-]properties.backgroundSizeMerging' - turn on / off background-size merging into shorthand
• '[+-]properties.merging' - turn on / off property merging based on understandability
• '[+-]properties.spaceAfterClosingBrace' - turn on / off removing space after closing brace - url() no-repeat into url()no-repeat
• '[+-]selectors.adjacentSpace' - turn on / off extra space before nav element
• '[+-]selectors.ie7Hack' - turn on / off IE7 selector hack removal (*+html...)
• '[+-]units.rem' - turn on / off treating rem as a proper unit

For example, this declaration --compatibility 'ie8,+units.rem' will ensure IE8 compatiblity while enabling rem units so the following style margin:0px 0rem can be shortened to margin:0, while in pure IE8 mode it can't be.

To pass a single off (-) switch in CLI please use the following syntax --compatibility *,-units.rem.

In library mode you can also pass compatiblity as a hash of options.

Acknowledgments (sorted alphabetically)

• Anthony Barre (@abarre) for improvements to @import processing, namely introducing the --skip-import / processImport options.
• Simon Altschuler (@altschuler) for fixing @import processing inside comments.
• Isaac (@facelessuser) for pointing out a flaw in clean-css' stateless mode.
• Jan Michael Alonzo (@jmalonzo) for a patch removing node.js' old sys package.
• Luke Page (@lukeapage) for suggestions and testing the source maps feature. Plus everyone else involved in #125 for pushing it forward.
• Timur Kristóf (@Venemo) for an outstanding contribution of advanced property optimizer for 2.2 release.
• Vincent Voyer (@vvo) for a patch with better empty element regex and for inspiring us to do many performance improvements in 0.4 release.
• @XhmikosR for suggesting new features (option to remove special comments and strip out URLs quotation) and pointing out numerous improvements (JSHint, media queries).

License

Clean-css is released under the MIT License.