feat!: Restrict casting for temporal data types

[stinodego]

Ref #14124, #16440

Following up on #14127

Changes

• Casting logical types Date, Time, Datetime, and Duration no longer falls back to casting the physical type. This means certain casts are disabled, such as Duration -> Time or Datetime -> Boolean, that could result in nonsense.
• Update unsupported cast failures from ComputeError to InvalidOperationError. This should be considered a breaking change.

Example

Before

>>> from datetime import timedelta
>>> s = pl.Series([timedelta(days=1)])
>>> s.cast(pl.Time)
shape: (1,)
Series: '' [time]
[
        00:01:26.400
]

After

>>> s.cast(pl.Time)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
polars.exceptions.InvalidOperationError: casting from Duration(Microseconds) to Time not supported

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 79.68750% with 13 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 81.48%. Comparing base (9912af0) to head (33c6d0d).
Report is 2 commits behind head on main.

Files	Patch %	Lines
.../polars-core/src/chunked_array/logical/duration.rs	63.15%	7 Missing ⚠️
.../polars-core/src/chunked_array/logical/datetime.rs	76.00%	6 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #14142      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   81.49%   81.48%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files        1416     1416              
  Lines      186880   186895      +15     
  Branches     3023     3023              
==========================================
+ Hits       152289   152290       +1     
- Misses      34059    34073      +14     
  Partials      532      532              

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