create method overview docs for core::option and core::result

library/core/src/option.rs

@@ -49,9 +49,11 @@
 //! no "null" references. Instead, Rust has *optional* pointers, like
 //! the optional owned box, [`Option`]`<`[`Box<T>`]`>`.
 //!
+//! [`Box<T>`]: ../../std/boxed/struct.Box.html
+//!
 //! The following example uses [`Option`] to create an optional box of
-//! [`i32`]. Notice that in order to use the inner [`i32`] value first, the
-//! `check_optional` function needs to use pattern matching to
+//! [`i32`]. Notice that in order to use the inner [`i32`] value, the
+//! `check_optional` function first needs to use pattern matching to
 //! determine whether the box has a value (i.e., it is [`Some(...)`][`Some`]) or
 //! not ([`None`]).
 //!
@@ -83,13 +85,350 @@
 //! * [`ptr::NonNull<U>`]
 //! * `#[repr(transparent)]` struct around one of the types in this list.
 //!
+//! [`Box<U>`]: ../../std/boxed/struct.Box.html
+//! [`num::NonZero*`]: crate::num
+//! [`ptr::NonNull<U>`]: crate::ptr::NonNull
+//!
 //! This is called the "null pointer optimization" or NPO.
 //!
 //! It is further guaranteed that, for the cases above, one can
 //! [`mem::transmute`] from all valid values of `T` to `Option<T>` and
 //! from `Some::<T>(_)` to `T` (but transmuting `None::<T>` to `T`
 //! is undefined behaviour).
 //!
+//! # Method overview
+//!
+//! In addition to working with pattern matching, [`Option`] provides a wide
+//! variety of different methods.
+//!
+//! ## Querying the variant
+//!
+//! The [`is_some`] and [`is_none`] methods return [`true`] if the [`Option`]
+//! is [`Some`] or [`None`], respectively.
+//!
+//! [`is_none`]: Option::is_none
+//! [`is_some`]: Option::is_some
+//!
+//! ## Adapters for working with references
+//!
+//! * [`as_ref`] converts from `&Option<T>` to `Option<&T>`
+//! * [`as_mut`] converts from `&mut Option<T>` to `Option<&mut T>`
+//! * [`as_deref`] converts from `&Option<T>` to `Option<&T::Target>`
+//! * [`as_deref_mut`] converts from `&mut Option<T>` to
+//!   `Option<&mut T::Target>`
+//! * [`as_pin_ref`] converts from [`Pin`]`<&Option<T>>` to
+//!   `Option<`[`Pin`]`<&T>>`
+//! * [`as_pin_mut`] converts from [`Pin`]`<&mut Option<T>>` to
+//!   `Option<`[`Pin`]`<&mut T>>`
+//!
+//! [`as_deref`]: Option::as_deref
+//! [`as_deref_mut`]: Option::as_deref_mut
+//! [`as_mut`]: Option::as_mut
+//! [`as_pin_mut`]: Option::as_pin_mut
+//! [`as_pin_ref`]: Option::as_pin_ref
+//! [`as_ref`]: Option::as_ref
+//!
+//! ## Extracting the contained value
+//!
+//! These methods extract the contained value in an [`Option<T>`] when it
+//! is the [`Some`] variant. If the [`Option`] is [`None`]:
+//!
+//! * [`expect`] panics with a provided custom message
+//! * [`unwrap`] panics with a generic message
+//! * [`unwrap_or`] returns the provided default value
+//! * [`unwrap_or_default`] returns the default value of the type `T`
+//!   (which must implement the [`Default`] trait)
+//! * [`unwrap_or_else`] returns the result of evaluating the provided
+//!   function
+//!
+//! [`expect`]: Option::expect
+//! [`unwrap`]: Option::unwrap
+//! [`unwrap_or`]: Option::unwrap_or
+//! [`unwrap_or_default`]: Option::unwrap_or_default
+//! [`unwrap_or_else`]: Option::unwrap_or_else
+//!
+//! ## Transforming contained values
+//!
+//! These methods transform [`Option`] to [`Result`]:
+//!
+//! * [`ok_or`] transforms [`Some(v)`] to [`Ok(v)`], and [`None`] to
+//!   [`Err(err)`] using the provided default `err` value
+//! * [`ok_or_else`] transforms [`Some(v)`] to [`Ok(v)`], and [`None`] to
+//!   a value of [`Err`] using the provided function
+//! * [`transpose`] transposes an [`Option`] of a [`Result`] into a
+//!   [`Result`] of an [`Option`]
+//!
+//! [`Err(err)`]: Err
+//! [`Ok(v)`]: Ok
+//! [`Some(v)`]: Some
+//! [`ok_or`]: Option::ok_or
+//! [`ok_or_else`]: Option::ok_or_else
+//! [`transpose`]: Option::transpose
+//!
+//! These methods transform the [`Some`] variant:
+//!
+//! * [`filter`] calls the provided predicate function on the contained
+//!   value `t` if the [`Option`] is [`Some(t)`], and returns [`Some(t)`]
+//!   if the function returns `true`; otherwise, returns [`None`]
+//! * [`flatten`] removes one level of nesting from an
+//!   [`Option<Option<T>>`]
+//! * [`map`] transforms [`Option<T>`] to [`Option<U>`] by applying the
+//!   provided function to the contained value of [`Some`] and leaving
+//!   [`None`] values unchanged
+//!
+//! [`Some(t)`]: Some
+//! [`filter`]: Option::filter
+//! [`flatten`]: Option::flatten
+//! [`map`]: Option::map
+//!
+//! These methods transform [`Option<T>`] to a value of a possibly
+//! different type `U`:
+//!
+//! * [`map_or`] applies the provided function to the contained value of
+//!   [`Some`], or returns the provided default value if the [`Option`] is
+//!   [`None`]
+//! * [`map_or_else`] applies the provided function to the contained value
+//!   of [`Some`], or returns the result of evaluating the provided
+//!   fallback function if the [`Option`] is [`None`]
+//!
+//! [`map_or`]: Option::map_or
+//! [`map_or_else`]: Option::map_or_else
+//!
+//! These methods combine the [`Some`] variants of two [`Option`] values:
+//!
+//! * [`zip`] returns [`Some((s, o))`] if `self` is [`Some(s)`] and the
+//!   provided [`Option`] value is [`Some(o)`]; otherwise, returns [`None`]
+//! * [`zip_with`] calls the provided function `f` and returns
+//!   [`Some(f(s, o))`] if `self` is [`Some(s)`] and the provided
+//!   [`Option`] value is [`Some(o)`]; otherwise, returns [`None`]
+//!
+//! [`Some(f(s, o))`]: Some
+//! [`Some(o)`]: Some
+//! [`Some(s)`]: Some
+//! [`Some((s, o))`]: Some
+//! [`zip`]: Option::zip
+//! [`zip_with`]: Option::zip_with
+//!
+//! ## Boolean operators
+//!
+//! These methods treat the [`Option`] as a boolean value, where [`Some`]
+//! acts like [`true`] and [`None`] acts like [`false`]. There are two
+//! categories of these methods: ones that take an [`Option`] as input, and
+//! ones that take a function as input (to be lazily evaluated).
+//!
+//! The [`and`], [`or`], and [`xor`] methods take another [`Option`] as
+//! input, and produce an [`Option`] as output. Only the [`and`] method can
+//! produce an [`Option<U>`] value having a different inner type `U` than
+//! [`Option<T>`].
+//!
+//! | method  | self      | input     | output    |
+//! |---------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
+//! | [`and`] | `None`    | (ignored) | `None`    |
+//! | [`and`] | `Some(x)` | `None`    | `None`    |
+//! | [`and`] | `Some(x)` | `Some(y)` | `Some(y)` |
+//! | [`or`]  | `None`    | `None`    | `None`    |
+//! | [`or`]  | `None`    | `Some(y)` | `Some(y)` |
+//! | [`or`]  | `Some(x)` | (ignored) | `Some(x)` |
+//! | [`xor`] | `None`    | `None`    | `None`    |
+//! | [`xor`] | `None`    | `Some(y)` | `Some(y)` |
+//! | [`xor`] | `Some(x)` | `None`    | `Some(x)` |
+//! | [`xor`] | `Some(x)` | `Some(y)` | `None`    |
+//!
+//! [`and`]: Option::and
+//! [`or`]: Option::or
+//! [`xor`]: Option::xor
+//!
+//! The [`and_then`] and [`or_else`] methods take a function as input, and
+//! only evaluate the function when they need to produce a new value. Only
+//! the [`and_then`] method can produce an [`Option<U>`] value having a
+//! different inner type `U` than [`Option<T>`].
+//!
+//! | method       | self      | function input | function result | output    |
+//! |--------------|-----------|----------------|-----------------|-----------|
+//! | [`and_then`] | `None`    | (not provided) | (not evaluated) | `None`    |
+//! | [`and_then`] | `Some(x)` | `x`            | `None`          | `None`    |
+//! | [`and_then`] | `Some(x)` | `x`            | `Some(y)`       | `Some(y)` |
+//! | [`or_else`]  | `None`    | (not provided) | `None`          | `None`    |
+//! | [`or_else`]  | `None`    | (not provided) | `Some(y)`       | `Some(y)` |
+//! | [`or_else`]  | `Some(x)` | (not provided) | (not evaluated) | `Some(x)` |
+//!
+//! [`and_then`]: Option::and_then
+//! [`or_else`]: Option::or_else
+//!
+//! This is an example of using methods like [`and_then`] and [`or`] in a
+//! pipeline of method calls. Early stages of the pipeline pass failure
+//! values ([`None`]) through unchanged, and continue processing on
+//! success values ([`Some`]). Toward the end, [`or`] substitutes an error
+//! message if it receives [`None`].
+//!
+//! ```
+//! # use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+//! let mut bt = BTreeMap::new();
+//! bt.insert(20u8, "foo");
+//! bt.insert(42u8, "bar");
+//! let res = vec![0u8, 1, 11, 200, 22]
+//!     .into_iter()
+//!     .map(|x| {
+//!         // `checked_sub()` returns `None` on error
+//!         x.checked_sub(1)
+//!             // same with `checked_mul()`
+//!             .and_then(|x| x.checked_mul(2))
+//!             // `BTreeMap::get` returns `None` on error
+//!             .and_then(|x| bt.get(&x))
+//!             // Substitute an error message if we have `None` so far
+//!             .or(Some(&"error!"))
+//!             .copied()
+//!             // Won't panic because we unconditionally used `Some` above
+//!             .unwrap()
+//!     })
+//!     .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+//! assert_eq!(res, ["error!", "error!", "foo", "error!", "bar"]);
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ## Iterating over `Option`
+//!
+//! An [`Option`] can be iterated over. This can be helpful if you need an
+//! iterator that is conditionally empty. The iterator will either produce
+//! a single value (when the [`Option`] is [`Some`]), or produce no values
+//! (when the [`Option`] is [`None`]). For example, [`into_iter`] acts like
+//! [`once(v)`] if the [`Option`] is [`Some(v)`], and like [`empty()`] if
+//! the [`Option`] is [`None`].
+//!
+//! [`Some(v)`]: Some
+//! [`empty()`]: crate::iter::empty
+//! [`once(v)`]: crate::iter::once
+//!
+//! Iterators over [`Option<T>`] come in three types:
+//!
+//! * [`into_iter`] consumes the [`Option`] and produces the contained
+//!   value
+//! * [`iter`] produces an immutable reference of type `&T` to the
+//!   contained value
+//! * [`iter_mut`] produces a mutable reference of type `&mut T` to the
+//!   contained value
+//!
+//! [`into_iter`]: Option::into_iter
+//! [`iter`]: Option::iter
+//! [`iter_mut`]: Option::iter_mut
+//!
+//! An iterator over [`Option`] can be useful when chaining iterators, for
+//! example, to conditionally insert items. (It's not always necessary to
+//! explicitly call an iterator constructor: many [`Iterator`] methods that
+//! accept other iterators will also accept iterable types that implement
+//! [`IntoIterator`], which includes [`Option`].)
+//!
+//! ```
+//! let yep = Some(42);
+//! let nope = None;
+//! // chain() already calls into_iter(), so we don't have to do so
+//! let nums: Vec<i32> = (0..4).chain(yep).chain(4..8).collect();
+//! assert_eq!(nums, [0, 1, 2, 3, 42, 4, 5, 6, 7]);
+//! let nums: Vec<i32> = (0..4).chain(nope).chain(4..8).collect();
+//! assert_eq!(nums, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]);
+//! ```
+//!
+//! One reason to chain iterators in this way is that a function returning
+//! `impl Iterator` must have all possible return values be of the same
+//! concrete type. Chaining an iterated [`Option`] can help with that.
+//!
+//! ```
+//! fn make_iter(do_insert: bool) -> impl Iterator<Item = i32> {
+//!     // Explicit returns to illustrate return types matching
+//!     match do_insert {
+//!         true => return (0..4).chain(Some(42)).chain(4..8),
+//!         false => return (0..4).chain(None).chain(4..8),
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! println!("{:?}", make_iter(true).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+//! println!("{:?}", make_iter(false).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+//! ```
+//!
+//! If we try to do the same thing, but using [`once()`] and [`empty()`],
+//! we can't return `impl Iterator` anymore because the concrete types of
+//! the return values differ.
+//!
+//! [`empty()`]: crate::iter::empty
+//! [`once()`]: crate::iter::once
+//!
+//! ```compile_fail,E0308
+//! # use std::iter::{empty, once};
+//! // This won't compile because all possible returns from the function
+//! // must have the same concrete type.
+//! fn make_iter(do_insert: bool) -> impl Iterator<Item = i32> {
+//!     // Explicit returns to illustrate return types not matching
+//!     match x {
+//!         true => return (0..4).chain(once(42)).chain(4..8),
+//!         false => return (0..4).chain(empty()).chain(4..8),
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ## Collecting into `Option`
+//!
+//! [`Option`] implements the [`FromIterator`][impl-FromIterator] trait,
+//! which allows an iterator over [`Option`] values to be collected into an
+//! [`Option`] of a collection of each contained value of the original
+//! [`Option`] values, or [`None`] if any of the elements was [`None`].
+//!
+//! [impl-FromIterator]: Option#impl-FromIterator%3COption%3CA%3E%3E
+//!
+//! ```
+//! let v = vec![Some(2), Some(4), None, Some(8)];
+//! let res: Option<Vec<_>> = v.into_iter().collect();
+//! assert_eq!(res, None);
+//! let v = vec![Some(2), Some(4), Some(8)];
+//! let res: Option<Vec<_>> = v.into_iter().collect();
+//! assert_eq!(res, Some(vec![2, 4, 8]));
+//! ```
+//!
+//! [`Option`] also implements the [`Product`][impl-Product] and
+//! [`Sum`][impl-Sum] traits, allowing an iterator over [`Option`] values
+//! to provide the [`product`][Iterator::product] and
+//! [`sum`][Iterator::sum] methods.
+//!
+//! [impl-Product]: Option#impl-Product%3COption%3CU%3E%3E
+//! [impl-Sum]: Option#impl-Sum%3COption%3CU%3E%3E
+//!
+//! ```
+//! let v = vec![None, Some(1), Some(2), Some(3)];
+//! let res: Option<i32> = v.into_iter().sum();
+//! assert_eq!(res, None);
+//! let v = vec![Some(1), Some(2), Some(21)];
+//! let res: Option<i32> = v.into_iter().product();
+//! assert_eq!(res, Some(42));
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ## Modifying an [`Option`] in-place
+//!
+//! These methods return a mutable reference to the contained value of an
+//! [`Option<T>`]:
+//!
+//! * [`insert`] inserts a value, dropping any old contents
+//! * [`get_or_insert`] gets the current value, inserting a provided
+//!   default value if it is [`None`]
+//! * [`get_or_insert_default`] gets the current value, inserting the
+//!   default value of type `T` (which must implement [`Default`]) if it is
+//!   [`None`]
+//! * [`get_or_insert_with`] gets the current value, inserting a default
+//!   computed by the provided function if it is [`None`]
+//!
+//! [`get_or_insert`]: Option::get_or_insert
+//! [`get_or_insert_default`]: Option::get_or_insert_default
+//! [`get_or_insert_with`]: Option::get_or_insert_with
+//! [`insert`]: Option::insert
+//!
+//! These methods transfer ownership of the contained value of an
+//! [`Option`]:
+//!
+//! * [`take`] takes ownership of the contained value of an [`Option`], if
+//!   any, replacing the [`Option`] with [`None`]
+//! * [`replace`] takes ownership of the contained value of an [`Option`],
+//!   if any, replacing the [`Option`] with a [`Some`] containing the
+//!   provided value
+//!
+//! [`replace`]: Option::replace
+//! [`take`]: Option::take
+//!
 //! # Examples
 //!
 //! Basic pattern matching on [`Option`]:
@@ -141,11 +480,6 @@
 //!     None => println!("there are no animals :("),
 //! }
 //! ```
-//!
-//! [`Box<T>`]: ../../std/boxed/struct.Box.html
-//! [`Box<U>`]: ../../std/boxed/struct.Box.html
-//! [`num::NonZero*`]: crate::num
-//! [`ptr::NonNull<U>`]: crate::ptr::NonNull
 
 #![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
 
@@ -1350,7 +1684,7 @@ impl<'a, T> From<&'a Option<T>> for Option<&'a T> {
     ///
     /// Converts an `Option<`[`String`]`>` into an `Option<`[`usize`]`>`, preserving the original.
     /// The [`map`] method takes the `self` argument by value, consuming the original,
-    /// so this technique uses `as_ref` to first take an `Option` to a reference
+    /// so this technique uses `from` to first take an `Option` to a reference
     /// to the value inside the original.
     ///
     /// [`map`]: Option::map